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©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Gastrointest Oncol. Jun 15, 2023; 15(6): 959-972
Published online Jun 15, 2023. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v15.i6.959
Published online Jun 15, 2023. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v15.i6.959
Figure 3 The mechanisms of action of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy.
CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4; MHC: Major histocompatibility complex; PD-1: Programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1: Programmed death-ligand 1; TCR: T cell receptor.
- Citation: Leowattana W, Leowattana T, Leowattana P. Paradigm shift of chemotherapy and systemic treatment for biliary tract cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 15(6): 959-972
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5204/full/v15/i6/959.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v15.i6.959