Vitamin E in the management of pancreatic cancer: A scoping review

Table 2 In vivo studies investigating effect of vitamin E on pancreatic cancer

Type	Model	Dosing regimen	Statistically significant effect (compared to negative control)	Ref.
δ-TT	Subcutaneous xenograft of MIA PaCa-2 induced pancreatic tumor in athymic nude mice	PO 100 mg/kg, 1 x/day for 3 wk	↓ Tumor volume; ↓ Proliferation markers; ↓ MAPK related markers	[43]
δ-TT	Subcutaneous xenograft of MIA PaCa-2 induced pancreatic tumor in athymic nude mice	PO 200 mg/kg, 2 x/day during weekday & 1 x/day during weekend for 4 wk	↓ Tumor volume; ↑ Apoptotic markers	[42]
δ-TT	Subcutaneous xenograft of L3.6pl cells and PCSC- induced pancreatic tumor in athymic nude mice	PO 200 mg/kg, 2x/day for 4 wk	↓ Tumor volume; ↓ Proliferation markers; ↑ Apoptotic markers; ↓ Invasion markers; ↓ Angiogenesis markers	[48]
δ-TT	Orthotopic xenograft of MIA PaCa-2 induced pancreatic tumor in athymic nude mice	PO 400 mg/kg, 1 x/day for 28 d	↓ Tumor volume; ↓ Proliferation markers; ↓ NF-κB activity; ↓ Invasion markers; ↓ Angiogenesis markers	[41]
δ-TT	LSLKrasG12D/+; LSLTrp53R172H/+; Pdx-1-Cre (KPC) transgenic mice	PO 200 mg/kg, 2 x/day for 12 wk	↑ Survival; ↓ Tumor volume; = Body weight; ↓ Proliferation markers; ↑ Apoptotic markers; ↓ MAPK related markers	[49]
δ-TT	LSLKrasG12D/+; Pdx-1-Cre transgenic mice	PO 200 mg/kg, 2 x/day for 12 mo	↑ Apoptotic markers	[47]
δ-TT	LSLKrasG12D/+; Pdx-1-Cre transgenic mice	PO 200 mg/kg, 2 x/day for 12 mo	↑ Survival; ↓ Tumor progression; = Body weight; ↑ Apoptotic markers; ↓ NF-κB markers; ↓ MAPK related markers	[50]
δ-TT	Orthotopic xenograft of MIA PaCa-2 induced pancreatic tumours in athymic nude mice	PO 50-100 mg/kg, 2 x/day during weekday & 1 x/day during weekend for 6 wk	↑ δ-TT concentration in pancreas; = Body weight; = Histopathology	[51]
α-TT, β-TT, γ-TT, δ-TT	Subcutaneous xenograft of AsPC-1 induced pancreatic tumor in SCID mice	PO 200 mg/kg, 2 x/day for 4 wk	↓ Tumor volume; ↑ Apoptotic markers; ↓ Antiapoptotic markers; ↓ NF-κB activity and markers	[39]
α-TP	N-nitrosobis (2-oxopropyl) amine-induced pancreatic cancer in Syrian hamster	PO 4 mg/kg, 3 x/wk for 12 wk	= Tumor incidence; = Body weight; ↓ Liver metastasis incidence; = Liver metastasis number; = Liver metastasis size	[37]
α-TP	N-nitrosobis (2-oxopropyl) amine-induced pancreatic cancer in Syrian hamster	PO 4 mg/kg, 3 x/wk for 12 wk	= Tumor incidence; = Body weight;	[38]

“=” represents no difference; “↑” represents increase; “↓” represents reduction; α-TP: Alpha tocopherol; α-TT: Alpha tocotrienol; γ-TT: Gamma tocotrienol; δ-TT: Delta tocotrienol; SCID: Severe-combined immunodeficient; PO: Oral administration; PCSC: Pancreatic cancer stem cells; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells.