Challenges to addressing the unmet medical needs for immunotherapy targeting cold colorectal cancer

Table 2 A list of completed clinical trials to improve response to immunotherapies targeting colorectal cancer

Regimen	NCT number	Outcome	Completion
T-cell bispecific antibody and CEA combined with atezolizumab	NCT02650713	20% PR and 50% SD	January 2020
Copanlisib plus nivolumab	NCT03711058	No results available	January 2022
Fruquintinib plus geptanolimab	NCT03977090	26.7% ORR, 80% DCR, and 7.33 mo median PFS	December 2021
Regorafenib plus toripalimab	NCT03946917	15.2% ORR and the 36.4% DCR	November 2021
Durvalumab plus tremelimumab	NCT02870920	2% DCR, 1.8 mo PFS, and 6.6 mo OS	December 2021
Anti-TGF-β antibody plus spartalizumab	NCT02947165	Clinical proof of concept with 2 PR cases	June 2021
Pembrolizumab plus celebrex	NCT03638297	83.3% ORR, 12.5% SD, and 4.2% PD	August 2021
Durvalumab and tremelimumab plus FOLFOX	NCT03202758	31.2% PR and CR, 25% SD, and 6 mo PFS	August 2020

CR: Colorectal; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; PR: Partial response; SD: Stable disease; ORR: Objective response rate; DCR: Disease control rate; PFS: Progression-free survival; OS: Overall survival; PD: Progression disease; FOLFOX: Folinic acid, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin; TGF: Transforming growth factor.