Research progress of ginger in the treatment of gastrointestinal tumors

Figure 2 Flow diagram. The anti-gastrointestinal tumor effect of ginger was verified by network pharmacological analysis of ginger. Literature search, review, and literature synthesis were performed to summarize ginger's anti-tumor combinations, reduction of toxicities, mechanisms of action, and related signaling pathways. In the red box are the pathways in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway associated with gastrointestinal cancer. COX-1: Cyclooxygenase-1; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; FGF: Fibroblast growth factor; IL-1β: Interleukin-1beta; MMP-9: Matrix metalloproteinase-9; NAG-1: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1; PI3K/AKT: Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/protein kinase B; TLR4: Toll receptor 4; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor α; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.