Application of convolutional neural network-based endoscopic imaging in esophageal cancer or high-grade dysplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 2 Full detail and meta-analysis and subgroup analysis convolutional neural network model for the diagnosis of esophageal cancers or neoplasms in the still image-based analysis

	Number of studies	Sensitivity (95%CI)	Specificity (95%CI)	PLR (95%CI)	NLR (95%CI)	DOR (95%CI)	AUC (95%CI)	P value
CNN	19	0.95 (0.92-0.97)	0.92 (0.89-0.94)	11.5 (8.3-16.0)	0.06 (0.04-0.09)	205 (115-365)	0.98 (0.96-0.99)
Continent								0.65
Asian	12	0.95 (0.92-0.97)	0.91 (0.87-0.95)	11.1 (7.0-17.5)	0.05 (0.03-0.09)	222 (110-444)	0.98 (0.96-0.99)
Europe/Ameica	5	0.91 (0.86-0.94)	0.90 (0.87-0.92)	9.3 (7.0-12.3)	0.10 (0.06-0.16)	91 (45-186)	0.95 (0.93-0.97)
Public	2
Scale								0.61
Unicenter	12	0.94 (0.90-0.97)	0.93 (0.88-0.96)	13.2 (7.8-22.5)	0.06 (0.03-0.11)	219 (103-465)	0.98 (0.96-0.99)
Multicenter	7	0.95 (0.91-0.98)	0.90 (0.87-0.93)	10.0 (7.3-13.8)	0.05 (0.03-0.10)	191 (78-471)	0.97 (0.95-0.98)
External validation or not								0.94
External validation	5	0.95 (0.88-0.98)	0.91 (0.87-0.94)	10.5 (6.9-16.0)	0.06 (0.02-0.14)	186 (55-635)	0.97 (0.95-0.98)
No external validation	14	0.95 (0.91-0.97)	0.92 (0.88-0.95)	12.1 (7.7-19.1)	0.06 (0.03-0.09)	213 (111-407)	0.98 (0.96-0.99)
Format								0.84
Retrospective	16	0.95 (0.92-0.97)	0.92 (0.88-0.95)	12.0 (8.1-17.7)	0.05 (0.03-0.09)	223 (121-411)	0.98 (0.96-0.99)
Prospective	3
Case type								0.1
Image	14	0.95 (0.92-0.97)	0.93 (0.90-0.95)	13.7 (9.6-19.6)	0.05 (0.03-0.09)	252 (132-478)	0.98 (0.96-0.99)
Patient	5	0.95 (0.84-0.98)	0.84 (0.75-0.90)	5.8 (3.8-8.9)	0.06 (0.02-0.19)	94 (34-265)	0.92 (0.90-0.94)
Real-time or not								0.9
Real-time	7	0.94 (0.88-0.97)	0.91 (0.88-0.94)	11.0 (7.6-16.0)	0.06 (0.03-0.13)	175 (65-471)	0.96 (0.94-0.98)
No real-time	12	0.95 (0.92-0.97)	0.91 (0.87-0.95)	11.1 (7.0-17.7)	0.05 (0.03-0.09)	210 (103-430)	0.98 (0.96-0.99)
Histological type								0.01
ESCN	9	0.97 (0.94-0.98)	0.90 (0.83-0.94)	9.6 (5.6-16.3)	0.04 (0.02-0.06)	272 (106-699)	0.98 (0.97-0.99)
Barrett’s neoplasia	6	0.92 (0.85-0.96)	0.91 (0.87-0.93)	9.7 (6.7-14.1)	0.09 (0.05-0.17)	108 (43-272)	0.96 (0.93-0.97)
ESCC/EAC	4	0.92 (0.85-0.96)	0.96 (0.94-0.97)	23.0 (17.2-30.6)	0.08 (0.04-0.16)	283 (178-450)	0.98 (0.96-0.99)
Image type								0.07
WLI	13	0.95 (0.91-0.97)	0.89 (0.85-0.92)	8.3 (6.2-11.0)	0.06 (0.03-0.11)	143 (75-273)	0.96 (0.94-0.97)
Advanced imaging	10	0.95 (0.91-0.97)	0.93 (0.88-0.96)	13.6 (7.5-24.6)	0.06 (0.03-0.10)	237 (107-525)	0.98 (0.96-0.99)
Quality								0.1
High	16	0.96 (0.93-0.97)	0.91 (0.88-0.94)	10.7 (7.6-15.2)	0.05 (0.03-0.08)	223 (115-434)	0.98 (0.96-0.99)
Low	3

CI: Confidence interval; PLR: Positive likelihood ratio; NLR: Negative likelihood ratio; DOR: Diagnostic odds ratio; AUC: Area under the curve; WLI: Wight-light imaging; ESCN: Esophageal squamous cell neoplasia; EAC: Adenocarcinoma; ESCC: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; CNN: Convolutional neural network.