Emerging role of caldesmon in cancer: A potential biomarker for colorectal cancer and other cancers

Table 2 Summary of the literature supporting a tumor suppressor role of caldesmon

	Cell/cancer type	Findings	Research method	Ref.
1	Colorectal cancer	An alternatively spliced form of CALD1 was decreased in tissues from colorectal tumor as compared to adjacent normal tissues	Bioinformatics, in silico	Liu et al[66], 2018
2	Gastric cancer	CaD is decreased in metastasis-derived gastric cancer cell lines. Knockdown of CaD resulted in an increase in cell migration and invasion	Proteomics, clinical, functional	Hou et al[67], 2013
3	Breast, colorectal, and thyroid cancer cells	The ectopic expression of l-CaD reduced the number of podosomes/invadopodia and suppressed cell invasion	Basic, functional	Yoshio et al[68], 2007
4	Breast cancer, and rat aorta cell lines	PKGI-β enhances breast cancer cell motility and invasive capacity by phosphorylating CaD. Knockdown of endogenous CaD in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells had pro-migratory and pro-invasive effects	Basic, functional	Schwappacher et al[69], 2013
5	Prostate cancer	Leupaxin phosphorylates CaD leading to its downregulation, and this downregulation of CaD increased migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells	Basic experimental	Dierks et al[70], 2015
6	Vascular smooth muscle cells and NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells	CaD upregulation mediates p53 suppression of Src-induced podosome and rosette formation and cellular invasiveness. The study is based on normal cells and whether or not it applies to malignancy remains to be clarified	Basic, functional	Mukhopadhyay et al[71], 2009

PKGI-β: cGMP-dependent protein kinase I; CaD: Caldesmon; l-CaD: Low-molecular weight caldesmon.