Hepatocellular carcinoma and immunotherapy: Beyond immune checkpoint inhibitors

Table 1 Clinical trials characteristics on vaccine therapy, oncolytic virotherapy, and adoptive cellular therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma patients

Ref.	Intervention	Study design	Sample size	Survival outcomes
Sawada et al[2], 2016	GPC3	Phase 2 trial	41	mOS: 20.1 mo (95%CI: 14.7-25.5)
Mizukoshi et al[9], 2015	MRP3	Phase 1 trial	12	mOS: 14 mo (95%CI: 9.6-18.5)
Palmer et al[10], 2009	DCs	Phase 2 trial	35	mOS: 168 d
Butterfield et al[11], 2014	AFP	Phase 1 trial	2	RFS: 9 and 18 mo
Heo et al[4], 2013	JX-594	Phase 2 trial	30	mOS in high- vs low-dose: 14.1 mo vs 6.7 mo
Shi et al[5], 2020	CAR-GPC3 T-cell	Phase 1 trial	13	mOS: 278 d (95%CI: 48-615)

AFP: Alpha fetoprotein; CAR: Chimeric antigen receptor; CI: Confidence interval; DCs: Dendritic cells; GPC3: Glypican-3; mOS: Median overall survival; MRP3: Multidrug resistance-associated protein 3; RFA: Radiofrequency ablation; RFS: Recurrence-free survival.