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©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Gastrointest Oncol. Mar 15, 2022; 14(3): 607-627
Published online Mar 15, 2022. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i3.607
Published online Mar 15, 2022. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i3.607
Table 1 Definite and probable risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma
| Definite risk factors |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis |
| Liver fluke infection (Opisthorchis viverrine, Clonorchis sinensis) |
| Hepatolithiasis |
| Biliary malformation (choledochal cysts, Caroli’s disease, congenital hepatic fibrosis) |
| Thorotrast |
| Probable risk factors |
| Alcohol |
| Hepatitis B |
| Hepatitis C |
| Cirrhosis |
| Toxins (dioxin, polyvinyl chloride) |
| Biliary–enteric drainage procedures |
| Inflammatory bowel disease |
| Asbestos |
| Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
| Metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, obesity |
| Smoking |
| Chronic pancreatitis |
- Citation: Vij M, Puri Y, Rammohan A, G G, Rajalingam R, Kaliamoorthy I, Rela M. Pathological, molecular, and clinical characteristics of cholangiocarcinoma: A comprehensive review. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 14(3): 607-627
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5204/full/v14/i3/607.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v14.i3.607