Deep learning-based radiomics based on contrast-enhanced ultrasound predicts early recurrence and survival outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 Patient characteristics

	Study population (n = 414)	Training cohort (n = 289)	Testing cohort (n = 125)	P value
Age, yr	53.00 (45.00- 60.00)	52.059 ± 12.190	53.216 ± 11.380	0.1988
Gender, n (%)
Male	375 (90.6)	262 (90.7)	113 (90.4)	0.9196
BMI, kg/m2	24.50 ± 4.20	24.10 ± 3.20	24.70 ± 3.40	0.1889
HBsAg-positive, n (%)	375 (90.6)	264 (91.3)	111 (88.8)	0.5274
AFP > 7 ng/mL, n (%)	292 (70.5)	205 (70.9)	87 (69.6)	0.8761
CEA > 5 ng/ml, n (%)	31 (7.5)	24 (8.3)	7 (5.6)	0.4494
CA125 > 40 ng/mL, n (%)	15 (3.6)	8 (2.8)	7 (5.6)	0.2588
CA199 > 34 ng/mL, n (%)	46 (11.1)	295 (10.0)	17 (13.6)	0.3738
WBC count, /μL	6262 ± 1985	6232 ± 1756	6354 ± 2125	0.5668
ALT, U/L	49 ± 36	48 ± 39	51 ± 41	0.1654
AST, U/L	51 ± 35	49 ± 36	53 ± 42	0.2358
Liver cirrhosis, n (%)	345 (83.3)	244 (84.4)	101 (80.8)	0.3630
Microvascular invasion, n (%)	312 (75.4)	211 (73.0)	101 (80.8)	0.0910
Tumor size, cm
x	2.40 [1.70-3.68]	2.957 ± 1.850	3.120 ± 2.050	0.3689
y	2.00 [1.42-3.10]	2.480 ± 1.490	2.670 ± 1.960	0.4820
Gray-scale echogenicity				0.5954
Hyperechoic	46 (11.1)	35 (12.1)	11 (8.8)
Medium	4 (1.0)	3 (1.0)	1 (0.8)
Hypoechoic	364 (87.9)	251 (86.9)	113 (90.4)
Arterial phase				0.4639
Hyperenhancement	403 (97.3)	283 (97.9)	120 (96.0)
Isoenhancement	8 (1.9)	4 (1.4)	4 (3.2)
Hypoenhancement	3 (0.7)	2 (0.7)	1 (0.8)
Portal phase				0.6669
Hyperenhancement	15 (3.5)	12 (4.2)	3 (2.4)
Isoenhancement	232 (56.0)	162 (56.1)	70 (56.0)
Hypoenhancement	167 (40.3)	115 (39.8)	52 (41.6)
Late phase				0.1300
Hyperenhancement	2 (0.5)	1 (0.3)	1 (0.8)
Isoenhancement	79 (19.1)	46 (15.9)	33 (90.4)
Hypoenhancement	333 (80.4)	232 (80.3)	101 (80.8)
Enhancing capsules	45 (10.9)	36 (12.5)	9 (7.2)	0.1598
Unsmooth margins	97 (23.4)	64 (22.19)	33 (26.4)	0.4168
Retreatment after recurrence	168 (40.3)	118 (40.5)	50 (40.0)	0.9270

BMI: Body mass index; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CA125: Carbohydrate antigen 125; CA19-9: Carbohydrate antigen 19-9; BCLC: Barcelona-clinic liver cancer; WBC: White blood cell; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase.