Exosomes as potential diagnosis and treatment for liver cancer

Table 2 Potential therapeutic drugs

Exosomal content	Sample	Expression	Isolation of exosomes	Content detection	Function	Ref.
HCC
miRNAs
miR-122	Serum (n = 75)	Down	SBI	qRT-PCR	Reflect the liver damage and residual liver function levels	[47]
	Plasma (n = 150)	Down	SBI	qRT-PCR	Significantly lower in patients with HCC compared with cirrhotic patients and the control group	[22]
miRNA-1298	Serum (n = 120)	Down	exoRNeasy Serum/Plasma MidiKit (Qiagen)	qRT-PCR	Down-regulated in patients of hepatocellular carcinoma compared with patients of hepatitis C virus and normal good health control	[39]
miR-320a	Serum (n = 209)	Down	SBI	qRT-PCR	Associated with lymph node metastasis, vein invasion, TNM stage, and survival of HCC patients	[48]
miR-320d	Serum (n = 150)	Down	Total Exosome Isolation Kit (Invitrogen)	qRT-PCR	Associated with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis of HCC patients	[49]
miR-638	Serum (n = 147)	Down	Total Exosome Isolation Kit (Invitrogen)	qRT-PCR	Influence liver carcinogenesis	[50]
miR-718	Serum (n = 59)	Down	Ultracentrifugation	qRT-PCR	Significantly different expression of HCC cases with recurrence after LT compared with those without recurrence	[51]
miR-744	Serum (n = 20)	Down	Ultracentrifugation	qRT–PCR	Facilitates the propagation and drug resistance of HCC cells	[52]
miR-9-3p	Serum (n = ?)	Down	Ultracentrifugation	qRT-PCR	A potential therapeutic target for HCC	[53]
lncRNAs
lnc-EPC1-4	Serum (n = 180)	Down	Ultracentrifugation	qRT-PCR	Function as a tumor suppressor gene	[35]
SENP3-EIF4A1	Serum (n = 6)	Down	SBI	qRT-PCR	Block HCC progression	[54]
circRNAs
circ-0051443	Plasma (n = 120)	Down	SBI	qRT-PCR	Suppress HCC progression	[55]
HB
miRNAs
miR-34s	Serum (n = 152)	Down	SBI	qRT-PCR	Significantly lower in patients with HB compared with the control group	[56]

Down: Downregulated; SBI: Exo-Quick exosome precipitation solution; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HB: Hepatoblastoma; qRT-PCR: Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.