Radiofrequency ablation in the management of primary hepatic and biliary tumors

Table 1 Utilization of radiofrequency ablation for cholangiocarcinoma

Technique	Ref.	Number of Patients	Location	Stent type	Mean number of sessions	Patency of stent (d, median)	Stent occlusion	Survival	Adverse events
	Mizandari et al[78], 2013	39	CCA (17); Bismuth I (5); II (1); IIIa (4); IV (7)-Panc CA (11), GB CA (4), HCC (1), Ampullary CA (1), Metastatic CA (5)	SEMS (all)	1	84.5	1	3 mo (median)	Abdominal pain (15)
	Wu et al[32], 2017	71[RFA and stenting = 35, stenting alone = 36]	Extra-hepatic distal CCA	Covered SEMS (7); uncovered SEMS (28)	1	Uncovered SEMS (241); covered SEMS (212)	-	Uncovered SEMS (245 d, median); covered SEMS (278 d, median)	Abdominal pain (27)
Percutaneous	Li et al[29], 2015	26[RFA and stenting = 12, stenting alone = 14]	Hilar (2), middle and distal CBD(7), Panc CA (2), ampullary CA (1)	SEMS (all)	1	RFA group (0), control group (3)	RFA group 100%; control group 85% at 90 d	-	Cholangitis (3)
	Wu et al[31], 2015	47	Hilar (7), distal CBD (16);ampullary CA (8); Panc CA (6); GB CA (4); HCC(2); Metastatic disease( 4)	SEMS	1.38	149	11	6 mo	Abdominal pain (21), intra-abdominal hemorrhage (1)
	Wang et al[28], 2016	9	Bismuth IIIa (1); IIIb (1); IV (7)	SEMS	1 (only 1 patient had 2 sessions)	100	-	5.3 mo	Abdominal pain (3); Cholangitis (4)
	Wang et al[39], 2016	12	Bismuth I (5); IIIa (1); IV (3); Gastric CA (1); HCC(1); Congenital Choledochal cyst (1)	Plastic (7); SEMs (4)	1	125	-	7.7 mo (median)	Fever (2), pancreatitis (1)
	Laquière et al[81], 2016	12	Bismuth I (4); II (3); III (2); IV (3)	Plastic and Metallic (does not quantify)	1.63	-	4	12.3 mo	Sepsis (1), early stent migration (1), late stent migration(1), cholangitis (1)
Endoscopic	Sharaiha et al[86], 2015	69	Hilar (23); proximal CBD (7); distal CBD (7); Bismuth I (4); Bismuth III (2); Bismuth IV (5); Panc CA (19); GB CA (2); Gastric CA (1), Metastasis disease (3)	Metallic (49); Plastic (20)	1.3	95% at 30 d	3	17.7 ± 15.4 mo	Pancreatitis (1); Cholecystitis( 2); Haemobilia (1); abdominal pain (3)
	Strand et al[87], 2014	16	Intrahepatic/proximal (1); Hilar (13); Extrahepatic/distal (2)	Plastic (3); fully covered SEMS (3); uncovered SEMS (11)	1.19	-	0.06	9.6 mo	Stent migration (0.02); cholangitis (0.13); hepatic abscess (0.02); need for percutaneous drainage (0.01); severe abdominal pain (0.02) (occurrence per month)
	Sharaiha et al[30], 2014	64	CCA (18); Panc CA (8)	Covered SEMS (8); uncovered SEMS (7); Plastic (11)	1	100% at 90 d	0	5.9 mo	Abdominal pain(3); Pancreatitis (1); Cholecystitis (1)
	Alis et al[88], 2013	10	Bismuth I (4); Distal CBD (6)	SEMS (all)	1	270	0	-	Pancreatitis (2)
	Figueroa Barojas et al[49], 2013	20	CCA (11); Panc CA (7); Gastric Ca (1), IPMN with high grade dysplasia (1)	Plastic (6); covered SEMS (13); uncovered SEMS ( 1)	1.25	100% at 30 d	0	-	Abdominal pain (5); Pancreatitis (1); Cholecystitis (1)
	Steel et al [19], 2011	21	CCA (6); Panc CA (16)	Uncovered SEMS (all)	2	114 (median stent patency at 9- d)	4	-	Pancreatitis (1); cholecystitis (2), obstructive jaundice/death (1)
Percutaneous and endoscopic	Dolak et al[27], 2014	58	Bismuth I (5); II (1); III (6); IV (33); distal CBD (5);Panc CA (4), central HCC,mCRC(3)	Plastic (19); SEMS (35); no stent (4)	1.44	170 (Metallic stent = 218, Plastic stent = 115)	-	10.9 mo (median)	Cholangitis (5); hemobilia (2); sepsis (2); hepatic coma (1); hepatic infarction (1)

CBD: Common bile duct; CCA: Cholangiocarcinoma; GA Ca: Gallbladder cancer; Panc CA: Pancreatic cancer; mCRC: Metastatic colorectal cancer; SEMS: Self-expanding metallic stent.