Immunotherapy in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: Pros and cons

Table 2 Characteristics and reported outcomes of published cases with hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence receiving immunotherapy after liver transplantation

No.	Ref.	Age	Sex	HCC recurrence	Immunosuppression protocol before immunotherapy	Compound	Duration of IMT (wk)	Interval from LT to IMT (yr)	Graft rejection	Tumor respon-se	Follow-up (mo)	Cause of death
1	De Toni and Gerbes[27]	41	M	IR and ER	Low-dose tacrolimus	Nivolumab	30	1	No	PD	10	-
2	Friend et al[59]	20	M	ER	Sirolimus	Nivolumab	4	4	Yes, lethal (17 d)	NA	1	OF (4 wk after ICI initiation)
3	Friend et al[59]	14	M	ER	Tacrolimus	Nivolumab	2	3	Yes, lethal (7 d)	NA	1	OF (5 wk after ICI initiation)
4	Varkaris et al[25]	70	M	ER	Low-dose tacrolimus	Pembrolizumab	11.3	8	No	PD	3	PD
5	DeLeon et al[60]	57	M	HCC recurrence	Tacrolimus	Nivolumab	5.1	2.7	No	PD	1.2	Probably PD
6	DeLeon et al[60]	56	M	HCC recurrence	Sirolimus + MMF	Nivolumab	4.7	7.8	No	PD	1.1	Probably PD
7	DeLeon et al[60]	35	F	HCC recurrence	Tacrolimus	Nivolumab	5.6	3.7	No	PD	1.3	Probably PD
8	DeLeon et al[60]	64	M	HCC recurrence	Tacrolimus	Nivolumab	1.3	1.2	No	NA	0.3	MOF
9	DeLeon et al[60]	68	M	HCC recurrence	Sirolimus	Nivolumab	3.9	1.1	Yes (27 d)	NA	0.9	PD
10	Gassmann et al[58]	53	F	ER	Everolimus + MMF + steroids	Nivolumab	2	3	Yes, lethal (7 d)	NA	0.8	OF (2 wk after ICI initiation)
11	Rammohan et al[32]	57	M	ER	Tacrolimus + MMF + steroid + mTOR inhibitor	Pembrolizumab	42.9	4.3	No	CR	10	Alive
12	Zhuang et al[90]	54	M	ER	Tacrolimus	Nivolumab	62	2.7	No	PD	20	PD
13	Al Jarroudi et al[91]	70	M	IR	Tacrolimus	Nivolumab	8	> 3.0	Yes (45 d)	NA	4	PD
14	Al Jarroudi et al[91]	62	F	ER	Tacrolimus	Nivolumab	10	2.5	No	PD	2.5	Alive
15	Al Jarroudi et al[91]	66	M	IR and ER	Tacrolimus	Nivolumab	12	> 4.75	No	PD	3	Alive
16	Amjad et al[24]	62	F	IR and ER	-	Nivolumab	82.7	1.3	No	CR	20	Alive
17	Wang et al[92]	48	M	ER	Sirolimus + tacrolimus	Pembrolizumab	3	1	Yes (5 d)	NA	8	Alive
18	Qiu et al[93]	54	M	IR and ER	Sirolimus	Camrelizumab	39	4.3	No	PD	11	PD
19	Tan et al[21]	56	M	ER	Tacrolimus + MMF	HBV-TCR T cells	52	1.1	No	PR	12	Alive
20	Tan et al[21]	45	M	IR and ER	Sirolimus	HBV-TCR T cells	16	4.4	No	PD	3.7	Alive
21	Qasim et al[20]	70	M	ER	Tacrolimus	HBV-TCR T cells	8.6	11	No	PD	2	PD
22	Hafezi et al[19]	-	-	HCC recurrence	Tacrolimus + sirolimus	HBV-TCR T cells	10	1.5	-	-	-	-
23	Hafezi et al[19]	-	-	HCC recurrence	Tacrolimus + sirolimus + MMF	HBV-TCR T cells	4	1	-	-	-	-
24	Hafezi et al[19]	-	-	HCC recurrence	Tacrolimus + sirolimus	HBV-TCR T cells	9	1.8	-	-	-	-
25	Hafezi et al[19]	-	-	HCC recurrence	Tacrolimus + MMF	HBV-TCR T cells	4	0.4	-	-	-	-
26	Hafezi et al[19]	-	-	HCC recurrence	Sirolimus	HBV-TCR T cells	4	0.5	-	-	-	-
27	Hafezi et al[19]	-	-	HCC recurrence	Tacrolimus + sirolimus	HBV-TCR T cells	8	0.7	-	-	-	-
28	Xie et al[22]	29	M	IR	-	NK cells	12.9	1.5	No	PR	18	Alive
29	Pandey and Cohen[49]	54	F	IR and ER	Tacrolimus	Ipilimumab	55.7	7.5	No	CR	27	Alive

M: Male; F: Female; IMT: Immunotherapy; IR: Intrahepatic recurrence; ER: Extrahepatic recurrence; MMF: Mycophenolate mofetil; CR: Complete response/remission; PR: Partial response/remission; PD: Disease progression/progressive disease; NA: Not available; OF: Organ failure; MOF: Multiple organ failure.