Real-time fluorescence image-guided gastrointestinal oncologic surgery: Towards a new era

Table 1 Summary of the outcomes of indocyanine green-fluorescence angiography to prevent anastomotic leakage after colorectal and esophageal resections

Ref.	Study design	Total n	ICG group	Non-ICG group	Anastomosis leak n (%)	P value	Surgical plan change (%)
Colorectal
Kudszus et al[22], 2010	Retrospective-matched	402	201	201	ICG: 7 (3.5%); NICG: 15 (7.5%)	0.04	16%
Jafari et al[23], 2013	Case-control	38	16	22	ICG: 1 (6%); NICG: 4 (18%)	NS	19% cases4.5% controls
Kim et al[55], 2015	Case-control	436	123	313	ICG: 1 (0.8%); NICG: 17 (5.4%)	NS	Not reported
De Nardi et al[25], 2020	Randomized controlled trial	240	118	122	ICG: 6 (5%); NICG: 11 (9%)	NS	11%
Alekseev et al[26], 2020	Randomized controlled trial	377	187	190	ICG: 17 (9.1%); NICG: 31 (16.3%)	0.04	Not reported
Arezzo et al[27], 2020	Meta-analysis	1330	862	468	ICG: 36 (4.2%); NICG: 53 (11.3%)	< 0.001	11.3%
Esophageal
Zehetner et al[43], 2015	Prospective	150	150	N/A	4.6%	N/A	66%
Kumagai et al[47], 2018	Cohort series	70	70	N/A	1.4%	N/A	50%
Ladak et al[45], 2019	Meta-analysis	1067	631	436	Overall: 10.8%; ICG: 5.7%; NICG: 22.9%	NR	Not reported
Slooter et al[48], 2020	Cohort series	84	84	N/A	14.3%	N/A	2.4%

ICG: Indocyanine green; N/A: Not applicable; NICG: Non-indocyanine green; NR: Not reported; NS: Not significative.