Immune checkpoint inhibitor-mediated colitis in gastrointestinal malignancies and inflammatory bowel disease

Table 3 Risk factors for immune checkpoint inhibitor-mediated colitis and diarrhea

Ref.	Number of patients	ICI targets	Malignancies	GI malignancies	Risk factors for IMC	OR or RR	95%CI	Fisher's exact P value
Wolchok et al[49], 2010	217	CTLA-4	Melanoma	None	High dose ipilimumab	2.01	0.52-7.82
Ascierto et al[50], 2017	727	CTLA-4	Melanoma	None	High dose ipilimumab	1.83	1.07-0.14
Wang et al[46], 2018	327	CTLA-4	Melanoma	None	Race (Caucasian)	5.76	2.03-16.36
		Combination1	Solid tumors		Cancer stage IV vs stage III	0.09	0.03-0.30
		PD-1	Hematologic		Melanoma	1.96	1.04-3.67
		PD-L1			Ipilimumab or combination1	2.23	1.03-4.81
Abu-Sbeih et al[53], 2019	346	CTLA-4	Melanoma	None	Race (Caucasian)	NA	NA	0.023
		Combination1			Lower mean lactate dehydrogenase	NA	NA	0.011
		PD-1
		PD-L1
Grover et al[40], 2020	213	CTLA-4	Melanoma	None	Combination1 vs pembrolizumab	3.34	1.1-9.8
		Combination1			CTLA-4 vs PD-1	7.14	2.2-25.0
		PD-1			Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio ≥ 5	0.34	0.1-0.9
					Vitamin D intake	0.35	0.1-0.9	0.03
					Pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine	NA	NA	0.05
					Influenza or pneumonia vaccine	NA	NA	0.05

¹Combination anti- cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 plus anti-programmed cell death protein-1.

ICI: Immune checkpoint inhibitor; IMC: Immune checkpoint inhibitor-mediated colitis and diarrhea; CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4; PD-1: Programmed cell death protein-1; PD-L1: Programmed cell death-ligand 1; OR: Odds ratio; RR: Relative risk; CI: Confidence interval; NA: Not available.