Neoantigen vaccine: An emerging immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma

Figure 3 Whole-exon sequencing and RNA sequencing detect mutations in tumors, and then, different methods can be used to identify hepatocellular carcinoma neoantigens. (1) Human leukocyte antigen affinity prediction; (2) Coimmunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry; and (3) Construction of a plasmid library based on neoantigens followed by cytotoxicity tests in vitro. HLA: Human leukocyte antigen; CO-IP: Coimmunoprecipitation.