Biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma based on body fluids and feces

Table 3 The diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic values of gut microbiota

Functions	Ref.	Notes
Diagnosis	Ren et al[89]	The selected panel of 30 optimal gut microbial markers showed a powerful diagnostic performance for early HCC, achieving an AUC of 80.64% between 75 early HCC and 105 non-HCC subjects
	Lapidot et al[90]	The environmental factors leading to fatty liver, consumption of artificial sweeteners, and high-sugar foods were significantly associated with changes in the microbiota of cirrhotic patients with HCC
Monitoring response to therapy	Zheng et al[91]	Gut microbiota could influence the response to immunotherapy in patients with HCC
Prognostic evaluation	Huang et al[92]	Six microbial biomarkers related to tumor immune microenvironment or bile acid metabolism could predict clinical outcome
	Iida et al[93]	The intestinal anaerobic bacteria including Blautia were associated with more favorable prognosis in liver cancer patients after chemotherapy, but usage of anti-anaerobic drugs with poorer prognosis
Therapeutic targets	Rattan et al[94]	The use of probiotics in murine HCC models resulted in reducing HCC development

HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; AUC: Area under curve.