Solid extraintestinal malignancies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Table 1 Studies on cholangiocarcinoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Ref.	Country	Type of study	Patients	Follow up time	Results	Limitations
Jussila et al[30], 2013	Finland	Population-based study	21964 IBD vs general population	Mean 10.8 yr	Biliary Ca UC (SIR 7.26, 95%CI: 4.37-11.1); CD (SIR 4.93, 95%CI: 1.02-14.4)	Patients diagnosed in 1987-1993 and 2000-2007 were only included
Kappelman et al[35], 2014	Denmark	Population-based cohort	13756 CD, 35152 UC vs general population	CD 7.6 yr, UC 7.8 yr	CD: GBC-biliary Ca (SIR 2.4, 95%CI: 1.1-4.5); UC: liver Ca (SIR 1.6, 95%CI: 1.1-2.2) GBC (SIR 2.5, 95%CI: 1.8-3.5), IBD-PSC: Liver Ca 80.0 (95%CI: 32.1-164.8), GBC 129.1 (95%CI: 47.4-281.5), IBD-non-PSC: Liver Ca 1.3 (95%CI: 0.9-1.9), GBC 2.1 (1.4-3.0)	Exclusion of patients with very mild disease, no inpatient encounters prior to 1995
Ananthakrishnan et al[43], 2014	United States	Multi-institutional IBD cohort of IBD	5506 CD 5522 UC 224 IBD-PSC	NA	CCA in IBD-PSC patient (OR 55.31, 95%CI: 22.20-137.80) compared to IBD non-PSC patients	PSC diagnosis was predicted with a model. Did not separately examine the risk of large-duct over small-duct PSC
Bernstein et al[39], 2001	Canada	Population-based study	2857 CD and 2672 UC patients vs with non-IBD (1:10)	14 yr	Liver and biliary Ca: CD (IRR 5.22; 95%CI: 0.96-28.5, P = 0.06), UC (IRR 3.96; 95%CI: 1.05-14.9)	Low percentage of the patients received IMMs
Sørensen et al[25], 2018	Denmark	Population-based study	222 PSC-IBD patients vs 8.231 IBD controls	PSC-IBD 7.4 yr, non-PSC IBD 8.4 yr	CCA PSC-IBD (HR; 190; 95%CI: 54.8-660)	Small number of PSC-IBD patients. Small duct PSC (8%) were included
Scharl et al[7], 2019		Cohort study (IBD-Ca vs IBD-no Ca)	3119 IBD patients	5 yr	IBD Biliary Ca (SIR 6.3, 95%CI: 1.27-18.41)	Did not compute multivariate regression for Ca subtypes, IBD phenotypes

IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; Ca: Cancer; UC: Ulcerative colitis; CD: Crohn’s disease; SIR: Standardized incidence ratio; CI: Confidence interval; GBC: Gallbladder cancer; PSC: Primary sclerosing cholangitis; CCA: Cholangiocarcinoma; IRR: Incidence rate ratio; HR: Hazard ratio; IMMs: Immunomodulators.