Liver tumors in children with chronic liver diseases

Table 1 Predisposing factors in developing hepatic tumors in chronic liver diseases

Predisposing factors
Oxidative stress
Dysregulation of protumorigenic growth factors and cytokines
Genetic factors: p53 mutation, telomere shortening, homozygous PiZZ mutation, tumor suppressor kinase-1 expression
Hepatocarcinogenesis: HBV, HCV, HIV
Toxic substances: Tyrosinemia type I (maleyl acetoacetate, fumaryl acetoacetate and succinyl acetone), PFIC type 2 and 3 (bile salt)
Metabolic disturbance: Glycogen storage disease type 1 and 4, obesity and NAFLD
Vascular disruption: Congenital absence of portal vein, noncirrhotic portal hypertension, Budd-Chiari syndrome

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; PFIC: Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis.