Regulatory role of the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway in the drug resistance of gastrointestinal cancers

Table 2 Studies evaluating the relationship between miRNAs and drug resistance related to the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway in gastrointestinal cancer

miRNA	Tumor type	Target	Effect on drug resistance	Ref.
miR-21	CRC cell line HCT-116	Downregulation of TβRII	Induction of stemness	Yu et al[148], 2012
miR-552	CRC tissues of patients, CRC cell lines SW-480 and SW-620	The 3′-UTR of Smad2	Reduction 5-FU resistance	Zhao et al[150], 2019
miR-34a	CRC cell line HT29	Downregulation of the TGF-β/Smad4 signaling pathway	Acquired chemoresistance to oxaliplatin	Sun et al[149], 2017
miR-455-3p	ESCC cell lines Eca109 and Kyse30	Enhanced expression level of p-Smad2	Resistance to DDP and docetaxel	Liu et al[151], 2017
miR-27	ESCC cell line TE10	TGF-β secreted from CAF-like fibroblasts	Resistance to DDP	Tanaka et al[91], 2015
miR-187	DDP-resistant GC cells SGC7901/DDP	Downregulated TGF-β1 and p-Smad4	Alleviates DDP-resistance	Zhu et al[153], 2019
miR-204	GC cell lines AGS and SGC-7901	Target TβRII	Sensitizes GC cells to 5-FU	Li et al[154], 2018

5-FU: 5-fluorouracil; CAF: Cancer-associated fibroblast; CRC: Colorectal cancer; DDP: Cisplatin; ESCC: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; GC: Gastric cancer; miRNA: Microribonucleic acid; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β.