Efficacy and safety of intraoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 2 Outcome indicators of the included studies

Ref. %	Surgery, %	Resection margin %	5-yr OS, % IORT non-IORT %	5-yr DFS, % IORT non-IORT %	5-yr LC, % IORT non-IORT %	Complications, % IORT non-IORT
Willett et al[23]	NA	R0; R1/R2	NA	53 60; 32 NA	88 71; 60 0	Abscess (5); Fistulae (7) Wound (5); Anastomotic leakage (2) Ureteric obstruction (2) Sacral necrosis (2)	NA
Suzuki et al[24]	LAR (57); APR (35); Hartmann (6)	R1/R2	19 7.3	30 5.9	60 7	Pelvic abscess (12) Fistula (2) Perineal wound (7); Small bowel obstruction (14) Ureteral obstruction (7)	Pelvic abscess (11) Fistula (6) Perineal wound (2); Small bowel obstruction (5) Ureteral obstruction (2)
Huber et al[25]	LAR (84); APR (16)	R0/R1/R2	40 20	28 NA	80 24	Wound (45) Sacral wound dehiscence (21); Neurogenic bladder dysfunction (8)	Wound (58) Sacral wound dehiscence (26); Neurogenic bladder dysfunction (11)
Wiig et al[26]	LAR (31); APR (10); Hartmann (19)	R0/R1/R2	30 35	NA	44 28	Abscess (24) wound (3) Anastomotic leakage (3); Late perineal healing (10)	Abscess (29) wound (13) Anastomotic leakage (13); Late perineal healing (2)
Ratto et al[27]	LAR (33); APR (56)	NA	NA	47 39	91 57	NA
Sadahiro et al[28]	LAR (54); APR (46)	NA	79 58	71 54	98 84	Anastomotic leakage (6) Wound (23) Bleeding (3) Neurogenic bladder dysfunction (2)	Anastomotic leakage (3) Wound (12) Bleeding (1) Neurogenic bladder dysfunction (4)
Ferenschild et al[29]	NA	R0	56 66	NA	71 72	NA
Masaki et al[30]	TME (100)	NA	64 NA	60 NA	95 95	Anastomotic breakdown (25) Intrapelvic abscess (14)	Anastomotic breakdown (14) Intrapelvic abscess (21)
Valentini et al[31]	APR (56)	R0	19.4 16.3	41.1 16.8	79.5 23.7	NA
Dubois et al[32]	APR (20)	NA	77 75	62 66	92 93	Anastomotic leakage (8.5) Re-operation (11.3) Infectious complications (9.9) Medical complications (7.0) Sacral necrosis (1.5)	Anastomotic leakage (4.4) Re-operation (8.8) Infectious complications (11.8) Medical complications (2.9)
Zhang et al[35]	TME (80)	NA	84 86	71 73	84 86	Grade 3 diarrhea (3) numbness and motor weakness (4.4)	Leukopenia (10.9) Grade 3 diarrhea (14) incomplete intestinal obstruction (6.5) acute mucositis of the anal verge (23.9)
Alberda et al[33]	TME (100)	R0; R1	63 81; 41 13	NA	70 79; 84 41	Abdominal/perineal wound infections (31) abscess (6) Anastomotic leakage (2) Urinary tract infection (8) Cardiac (6)	Abdominal/perineal wound infection (23) abscess (13) Anastomotic leakage (3) Urinary tract infection (8) Cardiac (3)
Klink et al[32]	NA	R0	NA	NA	NA	Postoperative bleeding (0) Anastomotic leakage (11) Surgical site infection (15) Abscess (10) Fistula (2) Stenosis (4) Bladder dysfunction (8) Urethral leakage (0) Sexual dysfunction (2)	Postoperative bleeding (4) Anastomotic leakage (14) Surgical site infection (9) Abscess (5) Fistula (0) Stenosis (1) Bladder dysfunction (10) Urethral leakage (1) Sexual dysfunction (3)
Zhang et al[36]	TME (100)	R0/R1/R2	74.6 66.2	69 58.5	89.7 79	Incomplete intestinal obstruction (4) Hydronephrosis (7)	Incomplete intestinal obstruction (2.6) Hydronephrosis (10)
Masaki et al[19]	TME (100)	R0/R1	71.5 81.8	NA	87.6 91.7	Anastomotic leakage (29) abscess (18) Small bowel obstruction (13)	Anastomotic leakage (13) abscess (11) Small bowel obstruction (18)

APR: Abdominoperineal resection; DFS: Disease-free survival; LAR: Low anterior resection; LC: Local control; NA: Not reported; non-IORT: Non-Intraoperative radiotherapy; OS: Overall survival; TME: Total mesorectal excision.