Biomarkers for detecting colorectal cancer non-invasively: DNA, RNA or proteins?

Table 3 Non-invasive microRNA biomarkers used for colorectal cancer detection

Study setting	Sample type	Marker type	Biomarker(s) and detection methods	Sensitivity (or its range)	Specificity (or its range)	Ref.
Case-control	Stool	MicroRNA	miR-18a, upregulated	61.00%	69.00%	[73]
Case-control	Stool	MicroRNA	miR-20a, upregulated	55.00%	82.00%	[73]
Case-control	Stool	MicroRNA	miR-21, upregulated	56.0%-86.0%	73.0%-81.1%	[73,74]
Case-control	Stool	MicroRNA	miR-92a, upregulated	72.00%	73.00%	[73]
Case-control	Stool	MicroRNA	miR-106a, upregulated	34.00%	97.00%	[73]
Case-control	Stool	MicroRNA	miR-135b, upregulated	78.00%	68.00%	[73]
Case-control	Stool	MicroRNA	miR-144*, upregulated	74.00%	87.00%	[73]
Case-control	Stool	MicroRNA	miR-221, upregulated	62.00%	74.00%	[73]
Case-control	Stool	MicroRNA	miR-223, upregulated	77.00%	96.00%	[75]
Case-control	Stool	MicroRNA	miR-451, upregulated	88.00%	100.00%	[75]
Case-control	Stool	MicroRNA panel	miR-223 and mir-92a, both upregulated	97.00%	75.00%	[73]
Case-control	Stool	MicroRNA panel	miR-17-93 cluster and miR-135b, all upregulated	74.00%	79.00%	[73]
Case-control	Stool	MicroRNA panel	miR-144-5p, miR-451a and miR-20b-5p, all upregulated	66.00%	95.00%	[76]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA	miR-17-3p, upregulated	64.00%	70.00%	[73,77]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA	miR-18a, upregulated	73.10%	79.10%	[77]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA	miR-20a, upregulated	46.00%	73.40%	[73,77]
Case-control	Serum/plasma	MicroRNA	miR-21, upregulated	65.0%-91.4%	74.4%-95.0%	[73,77-79]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA	miR-24, downregulated	78.40%	83.80%	[77]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA	miR-29a, upregulated	69.00%	89.10%	[77]
Case-control	Serum/plasma	MicroRNA	miR-29b, downregulated	61.4%-77.0%	72.5%-75.0%	[77]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA	miR-92, upregulated	89.00%	70.00%	[77]
Case-control	Serum/plasma	MicroRNA	miR-92a, upregulated	65.5%-84.0%	71.2%-82.5%	[73,77]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA	miR-96, upregulated	65.40%	73.30%	[73,77]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA	miR-106a, upregulated	74.00%	44.40%	[77]
Case-control	Serum	MicroRNA	miR-139-3p, downregulated	96.60%	97.80%	[80]
Case-control	Serum	MicroRNA	miR-139a-5p, upregulated	76.70%	88.00%	[81]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA	miR-155, upregulated	58.20%	95.00%	[73]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA	miR-182, upregulated	78.00%	91.00%	[82]
Case-control	Serum	MicroRNA	miR-194, downregulated	72.00%	80.00%	[77]
Case-control	Serum	MicroRNA	miR-196b, upregulated	63.00%	87.40%	[84]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA	miR-200c, upregulated	64.10%	73.30%	[77]
Case-control	Serum	MicroRNA	miR-210, upregulated	74.6%-88.6%	73.5%-90.1%	[77,79]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA	miR-221, upregulated	86.00%	41.00%	[73,77]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA	miR-320a, downregulated	92.80%	73.10%	[77]
Case-control	Serum	MicroRNA	miR-338-5p, upregulated	76.30%	92.50%	[84]
Case-control	Serum	MicroRNA	miR-372, upregulated	81.90%	73.30%	[77]
Case-control	Serum	MicroRNA	miR-375, downregulated	76.90%	64.60%	[77]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA	miR-423-5p, downregulated	91.90%	70.80%	[77]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA	miR-506, upregulated	76.80%	60.70%	[85]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA	miR-601, downregulated	69.20%	72.40%	[77]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA	miR-760, downregulated	80.00%	72.40%	[77]
Case-control	Serum	MicroRNA	miR-1290, upregulated	70.10%	91.20%	[86]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA	miR-4316, upregulated	76.80%	75.00%	[85]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA panel	miR-19a and miR-19b, both upregulated	78.60%	77.40%	[77]
Case-control	Serum	MicroRNA panel	miR-21 and miR-92a, both upregulated	68.00%	91.20%	[73,77]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA panel	miR-29a and miR-92a, both upregulated	83.00%	84.70%	[73,77]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA panel	miR-200c and miR-18a, both upregulated	84.60%	75.60%	[36,77]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA panel	miR-223 and miR-92a, both upregulated	76.00%	71.00%	[73]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA panel	miR-320d, downregulated; miR-1290, upregulated	81.20%	90.70%	[87]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA panel	miR-431 and miR-139-p3, both upregulated	91.00%	57.00%	[77]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA panel	miR-601 and miR-760, both downregulated	83.30%	69.10%	[73,77]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA panel	miR-19a, miR-19b and miR-15b, all upregulated	78.60%	79.20%	[77]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA panel	miR-24, miR-320a and miR-423-5p, all downregulated	92.80%	70.80%	[36,77]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA panel	miR-144-3p, miR-425-5p and miR-1260b, all downregulated	93.80%	91.30%	[88]
Case-control	Serum	MicroRNA panel	miR-145, downregulated; miR-106a and miR-17-3p, upregulated	78.50%	82.80%	[73,77]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA panel	miR-409-3p, upregulated; miR-7 and miR-93, downregulated	82.00%	89.00%	[73,77]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA panel	miR-18a, miR-21, miR-22 and miR-25, all upregulated	67.00%	90.00%	[89]
Case-control	Serum	MicroRNA panel	miR-23a-3p, miR-27a-3p, miR-142-5p and miR-376c-3p, all upregulated	89.00%	81%	[36]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA panel	miR-29a, miR-92a, upregulated; miR-601, miR-760, downregulated	83.30%	93.10%	[77]
Case-control	Serum	MicroRNA panel	miR-21, miR-29, miR-92, miR-125, miR-223, all upregulated	84.70%	98.70%	[78]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA panel	miR-19a, miR-19b, miR-15b, miR-29a, miR-335, miR-18a, all upregulated	91.00%	90.00%	[90]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA panel	miR-21, let-7g, upregulated, mir-31, mir-92a, miR-181b, miR-203, downregulated	96.00%	81.00%	[73]
Case-control	Plasma	MicroRNA panel	miR-103a-3p, miR-127-3p, miR-151a-5p, miR-17-5p, miR-181a-3p, miR-18a-5p, miR-18b-5p, all upregulated	76.90%	86.70%	[91]
Case-control	Plasma	Exosomal MicroRNA panel	miR-27a, miR-130a, both upregulated	82.50%	75.00%	[92]
Case-control	Saliva	MicroRNA	miR-21, upregulated	97.00%	91.00%	[93]