Minimally invasive vs open pancreatectomy for nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

Table 2 Clinicopathological characteristics of minimally invasive and open approaches in terms of the distal location of nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

Variable	Open approach, n = 12	MIS, n = 39	P value
Male	7 (58.3%)	19 (48.7%)	0.801
Age in yr, median (range)	58.5 (51.0-64.5)	56.0 (47.0-64.5)	0.617
BMI in kg/m², median (range)	24.6 (22.1-25.5)	24.8 (22.9-27.3)	0.418
ASA grade, n (%)			0.243
I	5 (41.7)	7 (17.9)
II	5 (41.7)	23 (59.0)
Ш	2 (16.7)	9 (23.1)
Spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy	5 (41.7%)	26 (66.6%)
Conversion, n (%)	-	4 (10.2)
Robot-assisted	-	8 (20.5%)
Operative time as minimum, median (range)	179.0 (159.5–251.5)	216.0 (185.5–276.0)	0.105
Blood loss in cc, median (range)	175.0 (65.0–450.0)	100 (45.0–275.0)	0.093
Clavien-Dindo grade			0.729
0: no complications	7 (58.3%)	26 (66.7%)
I	4 (33.3%)	10 (25.6%)
II	1 (8.3%)	2 (5.1%)
IIIa	0 (0.0%)	1 (2.6%)
DGE by ISGPS			0.561
Grade A	0 (0.0%)	4 (10.3%)
Grade B	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Grade C	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
POPF by ISGPF			0.805
Grade A	7 (58.3%)	20 (51.3%)
Grade B	0 (0.0%)	1 (2.6%)
Grade C	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Post-operative length of stay in d, median (range)	14.0 (11.5-16.0)	8.0 (7.0-10.5)	< 0.001
Resection margin status			0.612
R0	12 (100.0%)	36 (92.3%)
R1	0 (0.0%)	2 (5.1%)
R2	0 (0.0%)	1 (2.6%)
Pathological tumor size in cm, median (range)	2.5 (1.4-3.9)	2.0 (1.5-3.2)	0.548
T stage by ENETS classification			0.563
T1	5 (41.7%)	20 (51.3%)
T2	2 (16.7%)	9 (23.1%)
T3	5 (41.7%)	10 (25.6%)
N stage			0.056
Negative	9 (75.0%)	38 (97.4%)
Positive	3 (25.0%)	1 (2.6%)
M stage
0	12 (100.0%)	39 (100.0%)
Nodal harvest, median (range)	0.0 (0.0-5.5)	1.0 (0.0-3.5)	0.767
2010 WHO grade			0.365
G1	7 (57.1%)	25 (64.1%)
G2	4 (42.9%)	14 (35.9%)
G3	1 (8.3%)	0 (0%)

ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI: Body mass index; DGE: Delayed gastric emptying; ENETS: European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society; ISGPS: International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery; ISGPF: International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula; MIS: Minimally invasive surgery; POPF: Post-operative pancreatic fistulae; WHO: World Health Organization.