Precision medicine for gastrointestinal cancer: Recent progress and future perspective

Table 2 Current progress of microRNAs and exosome as diagnostic, monitoring and predictive markers in gastrointestinal cancer

Liquid biopsy	Patients/ controls	Organs	Source of fluid	Abnormalities	Technology	Target	Clinical setting	Ref.
MiRNAs	231/0	EC	Peripheral blood lymphocytes	Polymorphism	SNPShot	KIAA0423 rs1053667, GEMIN3 rs197412	Prognostic	Faluyi et al[99], 2017
MiRNAs	3156/0	EC	S/P	Upregulation/Downregulation	NA	miR-15a, miR-22, miR-31, miR-451, miR-506, miR-613, miR-1297	Diagnostic /Prognostic	Yao et al[100], 2018
MiRNAs	125/0	EC	S/P	Upregulation/Downregulation	RT-PCR	miR-21, miR-223, miR-100, miR-25, miR-375	Diagnostic /Prognostic	Zhang et al[101], 2018
MiRNAs	250/538	GC	Gastric juice	Upregulation	miScript RT kit	miR-421, miR-21, miR-106a, miR-129	Diagnostic	Virgilio et al[102], 2018
MiRNAs	20/20	GC	S	Upregulation	TaqMan OpenArray assays	miR-331 and miR-21	Diagnostic	Sierzega et al[103], 2017
MiRNAs	The miRNA expression profile (GSE29298)	CRC	NA -	Upregulation	NA	miR-198, miR-765, miR-630, miR-371-5p, miR-575, miR-202, miR-513a-5p	Predictive	Zhu et al[104], 2017
MiRNAs	232/0	CRC	S	Upregulation	NA	miR-21, miR-29b, miR-92.	Diagnostic	Carter et al[105], 2017
MiRNAs	61/0	CRC	P	Upregulation	miRVANA PARIS kit	miR-20b, miR-29b, miR-155	Prognosis /Predivtive	Ulivi et al[106], 2018
Exosome	66/20	EC	P	Upregulation	AChE activity	Exosomes	Prognostic	Matsumoto et al[107], 2016
Exosome	30/0	GC	PLF	Upregulation	MiRNA microarray	miR-21, miR-1225-5p	Diagnostic /Therapeutic	Tokuhisa et al[108], 2015
Exosome	232/20	GC	P	Downregula-tion	Taqman microRNA assays	miR-23b	Prediction /Prognostic	Kumata et al[109], 2018
Exosome	227/28	CRC	S	Upregulation/Downregula-tion	qRT-PCR microarray	miR-17, miR-18a, miR-19a, miR-19b, miR20a, miR-92a, hsa-miR-25-106b, hsa-miR-17-92a	Predictive /Prognosis	Matsumura et al[110], 2015
Exosome	108/0	CRC	S	Downregula-tion	The total exosome isolation kit	miR-548c-5p	Prognosis	Peng et al[111], 2018

EC: Esophageal cancer; GC: Gastric cancer; CRC: Colorectal cancer; NT: Normal tissue; B: Blood; P: Plasma; S: Serum; T: Tumor tissue; PLF: Peritoneal lavage fluid; NGS: Next-generation sequencing; WES: Whole exome sequencing; FIHC: Fluorescent immunohistochemistry; NA: Not avaibable.