Hypofractionated particle beam therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma–a brief review of clinical effectiveness

Table 1 Clinical patient characteristics of the selected studies

Ref.	Study, Patient	Source/ Energy (MeV)	Liver function	Vascular invasion	Tumor size
Bush et al[40]	Phase II, 76	Proton	CPC score	4 patients	5.5 cm (mean)
			5-6 22
			7-9 36
			10-15 18
Hong et al[41]	Phase II, 44	Proton (230-250)	CPC	15 patients	5.0 cm (median,1.9-12.0)
			A 32
			B 9
			C 3
Chiba et al[42]	Retro, 162	Proton (250)	CPC	10 patients	3.8 cm (median, 1.5–14.5)
			A 82
			B 62
			C 10
Nakayama et al[37]	Retro, 47	Proton (155 to 250)	CPC	7 patients	N/A
			A 35
			B 9
			C 3
Kawashima et al[43]	Phase II, 30	Proton (235)	CPC	12 patients	45 cm (median,25-82)
			A 20
			B 10
Kim et al[44]	Phase I, 27	Proton (250)	CPC	N/A	2.3-3.2 cm (median, 1.3-7)
			A 24
			B 3
Kato et al[45]	Phase I/II, 24	Carbon‐ion (290-400)	CPC	3 patients	5.0 cm (median,2.1-8.5)
			A 16
			B 8
Mizumoto et al[34]	Retro, 266	Proton	CPC	N/A	< 3 cm 100
			A 203		3.0–4.9 cm 96
			B 60		50–99 cm 62
			C 3		> 100 cm 8
Komatsu et al[39]	Retro, 343	Proton, Carbon‐ion	CPC	92 patients	< 50 277 50-100
			A 262		80
			B 75		> 100 22
			C 6
Kim et al[46]	Retro, 71	Proton (230)	CPC	0	1.5 (median,1.0–8.5)
			A 68
			B 3
Shibuya et al[38]	Retro, 174	Carbon‐ion	CPC	0	3.0 (median,0.8‐10.3)
			A 153
			B 20

CPC: Child-pugh classification; Retro: Retrospective study; N/A: Non-analyses. CPC: Child-pugh classification; Retro: Retrospective study; N/A: Non-analyses.