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Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Gastrointest Endosc. Oct 16, 2021; 13(10): 473-490
Published online Oct 16, 2021. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v13.i10.473
Table 1 Etiology of benign biliary stenosis
IatrogenicPost-cholecystectomy
Post-liver transplantation (anastomotic, non-anastomotic)
Hepaticojejunostomy anastomotic strictures
Autoimmune diseasePrimary or secondary sclerosing cholangitis
Autoimmune cholangitis (IgG4-related)
Autoimmune pancreatitis
Chronic diseasePancreatitis
Choledocholithiasis
Sarcoidosis
Infectious diseaseRecurrent cholangitis, HIV cholangiopathy, tuberculosis
Ischemic disease
Abdominal trauma