Endoluminal solutions to bariatric surgery complications: A review with a focus on technical aspects and results

Table 2 Results of endoscopic stenting in anastomotic and staple-line leaks after bariatric surgery

Ref.	Nº patients	Bariatric procedure	Time interval to stent	Type of stent	Success rate (%)	Complications rate1	Migration rate (%)	Nº of procedures	Time to fistula closure
Salinas et al[98]	17	RYGB	1-3 wk	PCSEMS	94	41% 1 migration, 2 mucosal tears, 4 stent obstruction by food	6	1.2 (1-2)	3.2 ± 1.2 mo
Eisendrath et al[99]	21	RYGB/ LGS/DS	31 d (14-199)	PCSEMS	81	14% 1 migration, 2 dysphagia due to tissue hyperplasia	5	1-6	NA
Eubanks et al[100]	13	RYGB/LGS	Acute leaks (11) Chronic leaks (2)	FCSEMS/FCSEPS	77	70% (not specified)	NA	NA	Acute leaks - 33 d Chronic leaks - 45 d
Blackmon et al[101]	10	RYGB/LGS	NA	FCSEMS/PCSEMS	100	NA	NA	NA	NA
Leenders et al[102]	11	RYGB/LSG	8 d (1-33)	FCSEMS	73	50% 3 disintegrated stent, 2 migration	17	2 (1-4)	16 wk (5-63)
El Mourad et al[103]	47	RYGB/LSG/DS	10.5 d (1-74)	PCSEMS	87	30% 1 mucosal stripping, 1 perforation, 1 dysphagia, 1 stricture, 1 bleeding 1 stent angulation, 7 migration	15	NA	44 d (3-90)
Orive-Calzada et al[104]	11	LSG	NA	FCSEMS	73	NA	NA	NA	NA
Alazmi et al[105]	17	LSG	< 1 wk (10) 1 wk-1 mo (6) > 1 mo (1)	PCSEMS	76	36% 2 bleeding, 3 dysphagia, 1 migration	6	NA	42 d (28-84)
Quezada et al[106]	29	RYGB/SG	8 d (0-104)	CSEMS	96.5	41% 10 migration, 1 stent fracture, 1 opening of blind end of alimentary limb	34	NA	82 d (2-352)
Murino et al[107]	91	RYGB/LSG	25 d (2-308)	PCSEMS	81	22% 5 bleeding, 2 perforation (1 death), 7 migration, 13 esophageal stricture	8	1 (1-7)	NA
Fishman et al[108]	26	LSG	< 1 wk (1) 1-6 wk (17) 7-12 wk (5) > 12 wk (3)	FCSEMS2	65	46% 4 severe stent intolerance (stent removal) 1 severe bleeding, 7 migration	27	NA	NA
Southwell et al[109]	21	LSG	< 1 wk (6) 1-6 wk (12) 7-12 wk (1) > 12 wk (2)	FCSEMS2/PCSEMS	95	86% 10 migration,, 2 esophageal strictures 1 leak due to erosion by the stent 5 severe intolerance (stent removal)	48	5 (2-13)	75 d (9-187)
Van Wezenbeek et al[110]	12	RYGB/LSG	8 d (0-24)	FCSEMS2	75	75% 7 migration, 1 perforation 1 perforation secondary to migration	67	2.4 (1-3)	38 d (28-49)
Shehab et al[111]	22	RYGB/LSG	11 d (3-30)	FCSEMS2	82	41% 1 perforation, 1 esophageal stricture, 4 migrations, 2 bleeding (1 death), 1 stent intolerance (removal)	18	2.8 (2-5)	6.8 wk (2-14)

¹Including migration. Dysphagia and intolerance were included when required endoscopic dilation and/or stent removal;

²Sleeve customized stents. R: Retrospective; RYGB: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; LSG: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy; DS: Duodenal switch; FCSEMS: Fully-covered self-expandable metal stent; PCSEMS: Partially-covered self-expanding metal stent; CSEMS: Covered self-expandable metal stent.