Copyright
©The Author(s) 2017.
World J Gastrointest Endosc. Jan 16, 2017; 9(1): 26-33
Published online Jan 16, 2017. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v9.i1.26
Published online Jan 16, 2017. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v9.i1.26
Proposed risk factor | Ref. | Comment section |
DBR | [19-21] | DBR |
Pneumobilia | [19] | Indicative of DBR |
Acute distal CBD angulation | [19] | Promotes bile stasis |
CBD dilation | [19] | Promotes bile stasis |
Periampullary diverticulum | [19] | Promotes bile stasis |
Prior EST | [22,23] | Promotes DBR |
Intact gallbladder with stones in situ | [22] | (Secondary) stone CBD migration |
Billiary stricture | [22] | Promotes bile stasis |
Papillary stenosis | [22] | Promotes bile stasis |
ML | [22] | Small residual microlithiasis acts as nidi for stone formation |
Stone size | [24] | Size of the largest stone |
Cirrhosis | [22] | Delayed biliary emptying/bile stasis |
Delayed biliary emptying | [22] | Promotes bile stasis |
Bacterial infection/colonization of the CBD. Bacterial count | [25,26] | Promotes chronic infection, and inflammation, promotes stone formating |
Impaired biliary flow | [25] | Scintigraphic study |
Cholecystectomy (without stones) | [27] | Impede flushing of nidus/residual stones |
Post-procedural sphincter function impaired | [6,27] | EST vs EPBD/EPLBD vs EPSBD, promote DBR |
Number of sessions to clear duct at first presentation | [6] | # of ERCPs required to achieve a patent CBD |
Age | [6] | Old age |
Previous cholecystectomy (open or lap) | [6] | |
Serum lvls of chol | [24] | Lithogenic properties |
EST size | [24] | Minimal size is protective |
Inflammation CBD | [24] | |
Parasites of the CBD | [24] | Parasitic infection |
Foreign bodies in the CBD | [24] | |
Concurrent cholecystolithiasis and cholelithiasis | [28] | |
Post stone removal CBD diameter | [21] | At 72 h after stones removal, cholangiogram via nasobiliary tube |
EPLBD > 10 mm | [29] | Disruption of SO, DBR |
Variations of the ABCB4, ABCB11 genes | [30] | Affect composition of bile. Associated with cholestasis, cholelithiasis and formation of primary intrahepatic stones |
Excessive dilation of the CBD | [31] | Recurrence rate was 40% when maximum CBD diameter was more than 20 mm, whereas recurrence rate was 18% when maximum CBD diameter was 20 mm or less |
- Citation: Konstantakis C, Triantos C, Theopistos V, Theocharis G, Maroulis I, Diamantopoulou G, Thomopoulos K. Recurrence of choledocholithiasis following endoscopic bile duct clearance: Long term results and factors associated with recurrent bile duct stones. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2017; 9(1): 26-33
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5190/full/v9/i1/26.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v9.i1.26