Diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in pancreaticobiliary malignancy

Table 1 Diagnostic serum markers for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma

	Diagnostic markers	Countries	CCA or PDACpatients, n	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)
Pancreatic cancer	miRNA-10b, -30c, -106b, -155, and -212[120]	United States	77	73-100	83-100
	Index 1: (miR-145, miR-150, miR-223, miR-636)	Denmark	409	Index 1: 77 Index 2: 80	Index 1: 66 Index 2: 82
	Index 2: (miR-26b, miR-34a, miR-122, miR-126, miR-145, miR-150, miR-223, miR-505, miR-636, miR-885.5p)[121]
	miR-21, miR-210, miR-155, and miR-196[122]	United States	49	64	89
CCA	CYFRA 21-1[18,24,30]	United Kingdom, Italy	30	17-76	79-95
	MMP-7[24,123,124]	Thailand, Italy	120	53-78	72.5-92
	Combo	Italy	24	92	96
	(CEA, CA 19-9, MMP-7, CYFRA 21-1)[24]
	Combo	United Kingdom	6	45	96
	(CYFRA 21-1, CA 19-9)[30]
	IL-6[35,125-127]	United States, Thailand	207	71.1-100	90-92
	SSP411[37]	China	35	90	83.3
	miR-21[128]	United States	23	95	100
	miR-150[129]	China	15	80.6	58.1
	1miR-192[130]	Japan	51	74	72
	MUC5AC[131,132]	Thailand	348	62.6-71	90-96.9
	Combo	China	30	90	90
	(AFP, CEA, CA 19-9, CA 125)[133]

All markers identified with ELISA, except for

¹Western blot. All cases of cholangiocarcinoma are histologically-proven. Control patients for CCA include those with benign liver diseases, HCC and healthy controls. Combo: Combination; PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; CCA: Cholangiocarcinoma; CYFRA 21-1: Cytokeratin 19 fragment; MMP-7: Matrix metalloproteinase-7; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CA 19-9: Cancer antigen 19-9; IL-6: Interleukin-6; SSP411: Sperm-specific protein 411; MUC5AC: Mucin 5AC; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.