Advances in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma

Figure 4 Endoscopic view of a radiofrequency ablation catheter being inserted into the bile duct by using a duodenoscope. A biliary sphincterotomy had been performed during a prior endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedure in this patient with an unresectable cholangiocarcinoma to enable easier access to the bile duct. Note: this is not a depiction of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) actively being performed, as RFA is not typically applied with the bipolar coils exposed in the duodenal lumen, in order to avoid thermal injury to the duodenal wall.