Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2015.
World J Gastrointest Endosc. Jun 25, 2015; 7(7): 688-701
Published online Jun 25, 2015. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v7.i7.688
Table 1 The 2010 AJCC staging system for primary rectal cancer
Primary tumor (T)
TXPrimary tumor cannot be assessed
T0No evidence of primary tumor
TisCarcinoma in situ: Intraepithelial or invasion of lamina propria
T1Tumor invades submucosa
T2Tumor invades muscularis propria
T3Tumor invades through the muscularis propria into pericolorectal tissues
T4aTumor penetrates to the surface of the visceral peritoneum
T4bTumor directly invades or is adherent to other organs or structures
Regional lymph nodes (N)
NXRegional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
N0No regional nodal metastasis
N1Metastasis in 1-3 regional lymph nodes
N1aMetastasis in one regional lymph node
N1bMetastasis in 2-3 regional lymph nodes
N1cTumor deposit(s) in the subserosa, mesentery, or non-peritonealized pericolic or perirectal tissues without regional nodal metastasis
N2Metastasis in 4 or more regional lymph nodes
N2aMetastasis in 4-6 regional lymph nodes
N2bMetastasis in 7 or more regional lymph nodes
Distant metastasis (M)
M0No distant metastasis
M1Distant metastasis
M1aMetastasis confined to one organ or site (i.e., liver, lung, ovary, non-regional node)
M1bMetastases in more than one organ/site or the peritoneum