Endoscopic management for congenital esophageal stenosis: A systematic review

Table 2 Incidence rate of congenital esophageal stenosis among patients with esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula

Ref.	Cases	Incidence rate	Location of CES
			Middle	Lower
Holinger et al[76] (1963)	4/79	5.1%	0 (0%)	4 (100%)
Newman et al[80] (1997)	18/225	8.0%	NA	NA
Kawahara et al[81] (2001)	11/80	13.8%	2 (18%)	9 (82%)
Yoo et al[84] (2010)	22/187	11.8%	3 (14%)	19 (86%)
Total	55/571	9.6%	5 (13.5%)	32 (86.5%)

CES: Congenital esophageal stenosis.