Clinical outcomes of self-expandable stent placement for benign esophageal diseases: A pooled analysis of the literature

Table 6 Pooled analysis of adverse events in patients with benign esophageal leaks, perforations and fistulae

Total number of patients analyzed: n = 599	No. of patients (n = 599)	No. of FC SEMS (n = 295)	No. of PC SEMS (n = 302)	No. of SEPS (n = 75)1	Stent type unknown (n = 162)2
Overall complications	803 (13.4)	26 (8.8)	38 (12.6)	1 (1.3)	17 (10.5)
Overall major complications	473 (7.8)	11 (3.7)	28 (9.3)	1 (1.3)	8 (4.9)
Hyperplasia-induced stenosis	16 (2.7)	0	16	0	0
Hemorrhage4	8 (1.3)	24	6	0	0
Stent-related perforation	6 (1.0)	4	1	0	1
Aspiration pneumonia	4 (0.7)	2	0	0	2
Respiratory compromise/ tracheal compression	2 (0.3)	1	1	0	0
Severe retrosternal pain	2 (0.3)	0	2	0	0
Bowel obstruction	2 (0.3)	0	0	0	2
Erosion4	2 (0.3)	0	14	0	1
Hemorrhage from aorta-esophageal fistula	1 (0.2)	1	0	0	0
Stricture formation	1 (0.2)	0	0	0	1
Stent-related fistula	1 (0.2)	0	1	0	0
Stent dislocation and inability to place new stent requiring rethoracotomy	1 (0.2)	0	0	1	0
Left atrial compression	1 (0.2)	0	0	0	1
Death due to esophageal necrosis at proximal stent end	1 (0.2)	1	0	0	0
Overall minor complications	333 (5.5)	15 (5.1)	10 (3.3)	0 (0)	9 (5.6)
Transient stent-related dysphagia	11 (1.8)	1	10	0	0
Stent-related ulcers	5 (0.8)	5	0	0	0
Reflux/esophagitis	3 (0.5)	0	0	0	3
Chest pain	3 (0.5)	1	0	0	2
Stent disintegration	3 (0.5)	3	0	0	0
Stent collapse/invagination	2 (0.3)	1	0	0	1
Pneumoperitoneum during endoscopy secondary to air insufflation	1 (0.2)	1	0	0	0
Atrial fibrillation related to sedation	1 (0.2)	1	0	0	0
Stent malposition	1 (0.2)	1	0	0	0
Abdominal pain	1 (0.2)	0	0	0	1
Nausea	1 (0.2)	0	0	0	1
Globus sensation	1 (0.2)	1	0	0	0
Hiccups	1 (0.2)	0	0	0	1

¹Including 30 patients in whom the number of SEPS used was not reported;

²Including 40 patients in whom the number of stents used was not reported;

³Patients can have more than one complication;

⁴Including one stent-related death. FC SEMS: Fully covered self-expandable metal stent; PC SEMS: Partially covered self-expandable metal stent; SEPS: Self-expandable plastic stent.