Clinical outcomes of self-expandable stent placement for benign esophageal diseases: A pooled analysis of the literature

Table 3 Pooled analysis of adverse events in patients with refractory benign esophageal strictures n (%)

Overall complications	72 (31.0)
Overall major complications	41 (17.7)
FC SEMS (n = 85)	9 (10.6)1
Severe retrosternal pain	5 (5.9)
Severe nausea and vomiting	2 (2.4)
Aspiration pneumonia	2 (2.4)
Arrhythmia	1 (1.2)
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy because of impaired intake caused by severe, persistent odynophagia	1 (1.2)
BD stents (n = 77)	22 (28.6)1
Severe retrosternal pain	10 (13.0)
Hyperplasia-induced stenosis	5 (6.5)
Bleeding, hematemesis	5 (6.5)
Severe nausea and vomiting	3 (3.9)
Aspiration pneumonia	1 (1.3)
SEPS (n = 70)	10 (14.3)
Severe retrosternal pain	4 (5.7)
Perforation	3 (4.3)
Bleeding, hematemesis2	2 (2.9)
Stent-induced fistula	1 (1.4)
Overall minor complications	31 (13.4)
FC SEMS (n = 85)	15 (17.6)1
Retrosternal pain	6 (7.1)
Stent infolding/invagination	3 (3.5)
Abdominal pain	2 (2.4)
Globus sensation	2 (2.4)
Reflux symptoms	1 (1.2)
Vomiting	1 (1.2)
Fever	1 (1.2)
BD stents (n = 77)	8 (10.4)
Nausea and vomiting	3 (3.9)
Retrosternal pain	2 (2.6)
Reflux symptoms	2 (2.6)
Minor bleeding	1 (1.3)
SEPS (n = 70)	8 (11.4)
Reflux symptoms	3 (4.3)
Retrosternal pain	2 (2.9)
Minor bleeding	2 (2.9)
Nausea and vomiting	1 (1.4)

¹Patients can have more than one complication;

²Including one stent-related death from massive bleeding. FC SEMS: Fully covered self-expandable metal stent; BD stent: Biodegradable stent; SEPS: Self-expandable plastic stent; PC SEMS: Partially covered self-expandable metal stent.