Role of virtual reality simulation in endoscopy training

Table 4 Summary of analysed colonoscopy studies and their design

Ref.	No. of participants	Participants' level of training	Design	Task	Model	Primary outcome	Secondary outcomes
Aabakken et al[12]	33	Mixed	NRSIS	1 simulated colonoscopy and questionnaire	GI Mentor	User satisfaction1
Ahlberg et al[13]	12	Novice3	RCT	Completion of simulator or control training programme followed by assessment on 10 colonoscopic procedures	AccuTouch	Mixed competency scores2	Time to caecum2
Buzink et al[14]	35	Mixed	NRSIS	4 training sessions	GI Mentor II	Mixed competency scores1
Cohen et al[15]	45	Novice	MC RCT	Completion of simulator or control training programme followed by assessment of first 200 colonoscopies	GI Mentor I	Mixed competency scores2	Long term impact2
Eversbusch et al[22]	28	Novice3	RCT	10 consecutive assessments on VR simulator	GI Mentor II	Mixed competency scores1
Gerson et al[24]	16	Novice	RCT	Completion of simulator or control training programme followed by assessment on 5 endoscopic procedures	AccuTouch	Mixed competency scores2
Haycock et al[16]	36	Novice	RCT	Completion of simulator or control training programme followed by simulator and patient-based assessment	Olympus Endo TS-1	Mixed competency scores1,2
Kruglikova et al[21]	30	Mixed	NRSIS	10 repetitions of one VR simulator task	AccuTouch	Mixed competency scores1
Park et al[17]	24	Novice	RCT	Completion of simulator or control training programme followed by assessment on one patient-based colonoscopy	AccuTouch	Mixed competency scores2
Sedlack et al[18]	8	Novice3	RCT	Completion of simulator or control training programme followed by assessment of one endoscopic procedure	AccuTouch	Mixed competency scores2	Patient discomfort2
Sugden et al[23]	50	Mixed	NRSIS	Completion of modules on the VR simulator	Olympus Endo TS-1	Mixed competency scores1
Thomas-Gibson et al[19]	21	Novice	NRSIS	Completion of 5 d training programme including VR simulation, with pre- and post-training assessments followed by a 9-mo follow-up assessment	AccuTouch	Mixed competency scores1,2	Long term outcome (9 mo)1,2
Thomson et al[20]	13	Novice	NRSIS	Completion of respective training with or without simulator use with assessments during that period	GI Mentor	Mixed competency scores2

¹Simulator-related outcome;

²Patient-related outcome;

³Subjects had previous oesophagogastroduodenoscopy training and knowledge. MC: Multicentre; RCT: Randomised control trail; NRSIS: Non-randomised single-intervention study; VR: Virtual reality; GI: Gastro-intestinal.