Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-related perforations: Diagnosis and management

Table 1 Incidence of perforations and overall mortality

Ref.	Design	n	Perforations (%)		Types1				Mortality (%)
					I	II	III	IV
Assalia et al[11], 2007	Prosp	3104	22	(0.70)	2	17	2		1	(4.5)
Avgerinos et al[12], 2009	Retro	4358	15	(0.34)	9	3		1	3	(20)
Dubecz et al[13], 2012	Retro	12232	11	(0.08)	7	3	1		2	(18)
Enns et al[14], 2002	Case control	9314	33	(0.35)	5	13	15		1	(3)
Fatima et al[15], 2007	Retro	12427	75	(0.60)	8	26	35	6	5	(6.6)
Jin et al[16], 2013	Retro	22998	59	(0.26)	17	36	6		5	(8.4)
Kayhan et al[17], 2004	Retro	3124	17	(0.54)	2	15			-	-
Kim et al[18], 2011	Retro	7638	13	(0.17)	4	5	4		0	(0)
Kim et al[19], 2012	Retro	11048	68	(0.61)	13	31	22		4	(5.8)
Knudson et al[20], 2008	Retro	4919	32	(0.65)	6	11	7		0	(0)
Kwon et al[21], 2012	Retro	8381	53	(0.63)	21	24	8		3	(5.6)
Li et al[22], 2012	Retro	8504	16	(0.45)	7	5	4		0	(0)
Mao et al[23], 2008	Retro	2432	9	(0.37)	8	1			0	(0)
Miller et al[24], 2013	Retro	1638	27	(1.60)	5	12	5	5	9	(33)
Morgan et al[25], 2009	Retro	12817	24	(0.18)	12	12			1	(4.1)
Polydorou et al[26], 2011	Retro	9880	44	(0.44)	7	30	5	2	2	(4.5)
Stapfer et al[8], 2000	Retro	1413	14	(0.99)	5	6	3		2	(14)
Wu et al[27], 2006	Retro	6620	30	(0.45)	5	11	7		5	(16)
Total		142847	562	(0.39)	143 (25%)	261 (46%)	124 (22%)		43/545	(7.8)

¹Classification of types is assumed, because not all studies clearly defined the type of perforation according to Stapfer classification[8].