Evaluation of surgical training in the era of simulation

Table 2 Study characteristics of studies assessing laparoscopic skills (n = 37)

Ref.	Year	No. of participants	Tasks	Assessment tool
Aggarwal et al[14]	2007	20 trainees	Laparoscopic cholecystectomy	Motion analysis and video-based GRS
Arora et al[15]	2011	25 surgeons	Laparoscopic cholecystectomy	OSATS
Bennett et al[16]	2011	70 students	Camera navigation	Box trainer
Botden et al[17]	2009	18 students	Laparoscopic suturing	ProMIS™, FPA using 5-point Likert Scale
Buzink et al[18]	2012	25 trainees6 experts	Diagnostic laparoscopy, laparoscopic cholecystectomy and laparoscopic appendicectomy	LapMentor
Cope et al[19]	2008	22 interns	6 tasks on MIST VR	MIST VR
Crochet et al[20]	2011	26 trainees	Laparoscopic cholecystectomy	VR Simulator
Ganai et al[21]	2007	19 students	Angled telescope navigation	VR Simulator
Grantchar-ov et al[22]	2009	37 residents	Basic laparoscopic task	MIST VR
Heinrich et al[23]	2007	17 experts	26 modules	LapMentor, LapSim, ProMIS™, Surgical SIM
Kanumuri et al[24]	2008	16 students	Laparoscopic suturing and knot tying	Video-based performance assessment tool on live porcine
Kolozsvari et al[25]	2012	63 residents	FLS tasks1	FLS scoring system
Kurashima et al[26]	2013	17 residents	Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair	GOALS-GH
Langelotz et al[27]	2005	150 surgeons	Navigation, coordination, grasping, cutting and clipping	VR simulators
LeBlanc et al[28]	2010	29 surgeons	Laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy	ProMIS™ simulator, OSATS and operative error
Lehmann et al[29]	2012	36 surgeons	2 LapSim tasks	LapSim
Lehmann et al[30]	2013	105 surgeons	Lifting and Grasping, Fine dissection	LapSim
Loukas et al[31]	2011	25 trainees	Adhesiolysis, bowel suturing, laparoscopic cholecystectomy	LapVR
Loukas et al[32]	2011	20 trainees	Adhesiolysis, bowel suturing, laparoscopic cholecystectomy	LapVR
Loukas et al[33]	2012	44 novices	Peg transfer, cutting, knot tying	LapVR and video trainer
Lucas et al[34]	2008	32 students	Laparoscopic cholecystectomy	OSATS
Mansour et al[35]	2012	48 trainees	Peg transfer, clipping	VR simulators
Munz et al[36]	2007	20 novices	Intracorporeal knot tying	ICSAD and checklist
Munz et al[37]	2004	24 novices	Cutting a shape on a glove and clipping a rubber tube	Motion analysis and error score
Palter et al[38]	2012	25 residents	Laparoscopic right colectomy (live and simulator)	Video-based procedure-specific evaluation tool, modified OSATS global rating scale and LapSim
Palter et al[39]	2013	20 trainees	Clipping, and lifting and grasping, laparoscopic cholecystectomy (actual OR)	Video-based procedure-specific evaluation tool, modified OSATS global rating scale and LapSim
Panait et al[40]	2011	42 applicants	Navigation, coordination, grasping, cutting and clipping	LapSim
Rinewalt et al[41]	2012	20 residents	FLS tasks	GOALS
Rosenthal et al[42]	2006	20 students	Clip and cut cystic duct	Xitact LS500 Virtual Patient
Seymour et al[43]	2002	16 trainees	Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (OR)	Video-based operative error scoring system
Sharma et al[44]	2013	19 trainees	Laparoscopic cholecystectomy	LAP MentorTM
Stefanidis et al[45]	2013	42 novices	Laparoscopic suturing (OR)	GOALS, speed, accuracy and inadvertent injuries
Stelzer et al[46]	2009	23 interns	Peg transfer, intracorporeal knot tying in dry lab,	MISTELS scoring system
			running the bowel, intracorporeal knot tying in live porcine model	Video-based modified GOALS
Tanoue et al[47]	2010	194 surgeons	Lifting and grasping	LapSim
Torkington et al[48]	2001	13 trainees	MIST VR tasks	ICSAD and MIST VR
van Rijssen et al[49]	2012	162 trainees	Intracorporeal knot tying	OSATS and Motion Analysis Parameter (MAP)
Varas et al[50]	2012	25 residents	Laparoscopic jejunojejunostomy	OSATS, ICSAD, FPA

¹FLS tasks are peg transfer, pattern cut, endoloop placement, suture with an extracorporeal knot and suture with an intracorporeal knot. GRS: Global rating scale; OSATS: Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills; FPA: Final product analysis; MIST-VR: Minimally invasive surgical trainer-virtual reality; VR: Virtual reality; FLS: Fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery; GOALS: Global operative assessment of laparoscopic skills; GOALS-GH: Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills-Groin Hernia; OR: Operating theatre; MISTELS: The McGill Inanimate System for Training and Evaluation of Laparoscopic Skills; ICSAD: Imperial College Surgical Assessment Device.