Updates on gastric electrical stimulation to treat obesity: Systematic review and future perspectives

Table 10 Implantable Gastric Stimulator Transcend^® outcomes

	Weight, kg	Average Weight loss, kg (%)-In the treatment group compared to baseline weight				Hunger reduction/ Reduced appetite	Other statistically significant or important negative results3
	Baseline	At 3 mo ± 2 wk	At 6 mo ± 2 wk	At 12 mo ± 3 mo	Beyond 12 mo
I1[28]	113.1		-7.0 (-6.2%), P < 0.05	-5.5 (-4.9%), P < 0.05	-2.1 (-1.9%), P < 0.05 at 24 mo		In control group, weight gain despite IGS activation from 12 to 24 mo
							No significant change in fasting ghrelin or Peptide YY levels
I2[21]	NR						No significant weight loss observed
I3[73]	112.5		-2 (-1.8%) NS	+3.5 (+3.1%) NS			No significant weight loss observed
I4[29]	92		%EWL = 5.9%
I5[30]	116	%EWL = 14%	%EWL = 19%	%EWL = 20%	%EWL = 25%
I6[20]	129		%EWL = 1.3% (study group); 2.4% (control) NS	Mean %EWL = 2.5%	%EWL = 20% at 29 mo1		Only a subset (23%) of patients lost significant amount of weight (> 5% EWL)
				(P value NR)
I7[20]	NR			%EWL > 10% in 54% of subjects; > 20% in 23%	%EWL = 23% at 16 mo	Yes2, P = 0.0433	Satiety increased between and at the end of meals
I8[32]	132.7± 27.3	%EWL for 2 yr period for each cohort = 20%-40%					Lower blood pressure
I9[74]	115	%EWL = 16.3%	%EWL = 16.9%	%EWL = 23.8% at 10 mo		Yes	Satiety increased between and at the end of meals
		-8.2 (-7.11%), P = 0.0011	-8.4 (-7.29%), P = 0.0310	-11.7 (-10.1%), P = 0.0112
I10[36]	115	%EWL = 15.8%	%EWL = 17.8%	%EWL = 21.0% at 10 mo	%EWL = 21.0% at 15 mo	Yes	Satiety increased between and at the end of meals
							No significant change in ghrelin level
I11[75]	121.7± 5.1		-10.4 (-8.5%), P < 0.01				Reduced meal-related CCK response
							Lower basal and meal-related somatostatin level
							Lower basal GLP-1 level (Not meal-related)
							Lower basal leptin level (Not meal-related)
I12[35]	NR			-2.7%, P = 0.03			Significant weight loss at 12 mo was observed after procedural corrections
I13[76]	122.2	%EWL = 17.8%	%EWL = 18.6	%EWL 30.2 at 9 mo
		-9.4 (-7.7%)	-10.0 (-8.2%)	-16.0 (-13.1%)
		(P value NR)	(P value NR)	(P value NR)

¹Very small number of remaining subjects (n = 34);

²Responses to the Satiety and Dietary Analysis Questionnaire;

³Significant results in reference to baseline values. NR: Not reported; EWL: Excess weight loss; CCK: Cholecystokinin; GLP-1: Glucagon like peptide-1.