Surgical strategies for challenging common bile duct stones in the endoscopic era: A comprehensive review of current evidence

Figure 3 Confirmation of complete ductal clearance by choledochoscopy. The choledochoscope should pass proximally to visualize the left and right intrahepatic ducts, as well as distally to the duodenum, to ensure complete ductal examination. Additionally, irrigation with normal saline solution via the choledochoscope proves beneficial for flushing out small stones and sludge.