Causes of gastrointestinal bleeding in children based on endoscopic evaluation at a tertiary care center in Bahrain

Table 4 Summary of previous studies of gastrointestinal bleeding in children from neighboring countries and worldwide

Ref.	Country	n	Age (yr)	Sex	Bleeding site	Two most common symptoms (%)	Two most common causes (%)
Isa et al, 2023	Bahraina	250	≤ 18	M > F	Both	Per rectal bleeding (60.4); Hematemesis (46.8)	Inflammatory bowel disease (30.8); Gastritis (28)
Jafari et al[2], 2018	Iran	113	< 18	M > F	Both	Hematemesis (40.7); Coffee ground vomitus (38)	Prolapse gastropathy (18.6) for UGIB; Polyps (32.5) for LGIB
Rafeey et al[10], 2013	Iran	447	< 18	M > F	UGIB	Hematemesis (26.85); Melena (13.42)	Erosive esophagitis (40); Gastric erosion (17)
Zahmatkeshan et al[12], 2012	Iran	363	< 18	M > F	LGIB	Hematochezia (80.2); Bloody diarrhea (18.1)	Juvenile polyp (23.1); Lymphoid nodular hyperplasia (18.2)
Hassoon et al[9], 2012	Iraq	58	4 d-18	M > F	UGIB	Hematemesis (58.5); Melena or hematochezia (5.2)	Esophageal varices (39); Gastric erosions (19.6)
Gimiga et al[6], 2015	Romania	118	< 18	M > F	LGIB	Hematochezia (54.2); Rectorrhagia (40.7)	Solitary colorectal polyps (33); Ulcerative colitis (22)
Cleveland et al[4], 2012	USA	158	< 17	M > F	UGIB	Hematemesis (73.4); Melena (20.8)	Prolapse gastropathy syndrome (12.7); gastric erosions/ulcers (10.8)

^aThe present study. UGIB: upper gastrointestinal bleeding; LGIB: lower gastrointestinal bleeding; USA: United states of America.