Endoscopic ultrasound-guided vascular interventions: An expanding paradigm

Table 7 Published literature (human studies) on the use of endoscopic ultrasound-guided portal pressure measurement

Ref.	Year	Number of cases	Approach	EUS-FNA needle	Technical success	Complications	Correlation between EUS and trans-hepatic PVP measurement
Fujii-Lau et al[106]	2014	1	Trans-gastric	22-G	1	None	PPG 1 mmHg (excellent correlation with HVPG)
Huang et al[105]	2017	28	-	25-G	25/25 cases	None	Excellent correlation with varices (P = 0.0002), PHG (P = 0.007), and thrombocytopenia (P = 0.036); few of them also underwent liver biopsy in same setting
Zhang et al[107]	2020	12	-	22-G	11/12 cases (91.7%)	None	R = 0.923
Shah et al[109]	2021	1	Trans-gastric	25-G	1	None	NA (same session EUS-liver biopsy was done)
Hajifathalian et al[108]	2021	24	Trans-gastric	25-G	23/24 (96%) patients also underwent EUS-liver biopsy (TS: 24/24 [100%])	One case of mild abdominal pain (resolved with analgesics)	NA; excellent correlation with fibrosis-4 score (P = 0.026) and transient elastography (P = 0.011)
Choi et al[110]	2022	83	Trans-gastric	25-G	100%; 71 cases underwent EUS-liver biopsy	No major events; minor abdominal pain (8 [9.6%] cases)	Correlation with clinical features of cirrhosis (9.46 vs 3.61 mmHg, P < 0.0001), EV/GV (13.88 vs 4.34 mmHg, P < 0.0001), and thrombocytopenia (9.25 vs 4.71 mmHg, P = 0.0022)
Choi et al[111]	2022	64	Trans-gastric	25-G	100% (concurrent EUS-LB in 43/64 [67.2%])	1 case (EUS-PPG alone); 5 cases (EUS-PPG + EUS-LB both)	EUS-PPG > 5 mmHg correlated with EUS-liver biopsy fibrosis stage ≥ 3 [LR 27] (P = 0.004)

EUS: Endoscopic ultrasound; PPG: Portal pressure gradient; FNA: Fine needle aspiration; PVP: Portal venous pressure; G: Gauge; LB: Liver biopsy; EV: Esophageal varices; GV: Gastric varices; LR: Likelihood ratio; NA: Not available; PH: Portal hypertensive gastropathy.