Endoscopic ultrasound-guided vascular interventions: An expanding paradigm

Table 3 Published literature on the use of endoscopic ultrasound-guided vascular interventions in ectopic varices

Ref.	Cases	Underlying diagnosis	Age/sex	Size of varix	Any prior therapy given	EUS therapy (agent used)	EUS needle used	Coils	Glue	Post procedure EUS findings	Follow-up duration	Comments
Duodenal varices
So et al[60], 2016	1	PC/EHPVO	65/F	2 cm	-	Coil	19-G FNA	3	-	Color Doppler: cessation of blood flow	10 mo	No bleeding on F/U
Kimura et al[61], 2017	1	PC	76/F	-	-	CYA glue	22-G FNA	-	0.5 mL (3 sessions)	- (f/u CT: shows extinction of contrast enhancement in DV)	6 mo	No bleeding on F/U
Kinzel et al[72], 2014	1	Cirrhosis (Child C)	31/M	10 mm	Endoscopic ethanolamine oleate	Coil + CYA glue	19-G (for coil) + 22-G (for glue) FNA	1	2 mL	Near complete thrombosis of varix	3 mo	No bleeding on F/U
Fujii-Lau et al[73], 2016	3	PVT; SMV-T; SMV-T	57/M; 46/F; 62/F	-; -; -	Glue; -; Clip + coil (IR)	Coil; Coil; Coil + CYA glue	22-G FNA (for all)	4; 4; 8	-; -; 2 mL	dec. flow; dec. flow; no flow	30 mo; 12 mo; 6 mo	No bleeding on F/U (all cases)
Bahdi et al[74], 2020	1	Cirrhosis	41/M	-	None	Coil + CYA glue	22-G FNA	8	2 mL	-	-	-
Rectal varices
Messallam et al[66], 2014	1	Cryptogenic cirrhosis	78/M	45 × 12 mm	None	Coil + CYA glue	19-G FNA	2	4 mL	No flow	12 wk	No bleeding on F/U
Sharma et al[67], 2010	1	PHTN	68/M	2.2 mm	None	Histocryl glue	-	-	1 mL	Decreased flow	6 mo	No bleeding on F/U
Mukkada et al[75], 2017	1	PHTN	65/M	5.9 mm	Endoscopic sclerotherapy (tetradecyl sulphate 16 ml; CYA glue)	Coil	19-G FNA	2	-	No flow	-	-
Bazarbashi et al[76], 2020	1	Cirrhosis	71/M	4 mm	None	Coil	19-G FNA	1	-	No flow	6 mo	No bleeding on F/U
Philips et al[77], 2017	1	Cirrhosis	48/M	-	None	Coil + CYA glue	22-G FNA	1	1 mL	No flow	1 mo	No bleeding on F/U
Weilert et al[78], 2012	1	Cirrhosis	60/F	> 3 cm	None	Coil + CYA glue	19-G FNA	5	4 mL	No flow	12 mo	No bleeding on F/U
Jana et al[79], 2017	1	Hepatitis C/PHTN	54/M	-	None	Coil + CYA glue	22-G FNA	3	0.8 mL	No flow	1 mo	No bleeding on F/U
Stomal varices
Tabibian et al[68], 2016	1	Cirrhosis PSC/post colectomy for UC	70/F	5 mm	Somatostatin/topical silver nitrate	Coil	22-G FNA	6	-	No flow	9 mo	No bleeding on F/U
Tsynman et al[69], 2014	1	UC/post colectomy/cirrhosis	74/F	-	TIPS	CYA glue with lipiodol	22-G FNA	-	0.5 mL	No flow	8 mo	No bleeding on F/U
Samanta et al[70], 2022	1	Alcohol cirrhosis/tubercular cocoon/ileostomy	52/M	-	Endoscopic glue injection	Coil + CYA glue	19-G FNA	2	4 mL	No flow	6 mo	No bleeding on F/U
Choledochal varices
Levy et al[71], 2008	1	CP/post total pancreatectomy	50/F	14 mm	-	Coil	22-G FNA	5	-	No flow	1 mo	No bleeding on F/u
Fujii-Lau et al[73], 2016	5	Cirrhosis; SMV-T; PVT; PHTN; PVT	61/M; 56/M; 27/M; 71/M; 50/F	-; -; -; -; -	None; None; None; None; None	Coil; Coil; Coil; Coil; Coil	22-G FNA (for all)	7; 9; 4; 5; 5	-; -; -; -; -	dec. flow; dec. flow; dec. flow; dec. flow; dec. flow	24 mo; 37 mo; 26 mo; 1 mo; 87 mo	Recurrent bleed in 3 cases; one case died due to underlying disease

EUS: Endoscopic ultrasound; PC: Pancreatic cancer; EHPVO: Extrahepatic portal vein obstruction; F: Female; M: Male; G: Gauge; FNA: Fine needle aspiration; F/U: Follow-up; CT: Computed tomography; DV: Duodenal varices; CYA: Cyanoacrylate; PVT: Portal vein thrombosis; SMV-T: Superior mesenteric vein thrombosis; IR: Interventional radiology; Dec.: Decreased; PHTN: Portal hypertension; PSC: Primary sclerosing cholangitis; UC: Ulcerative colitis; TIPS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt; CP: Chronic pancreatitis