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©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Gastrointest Endosc. Dec 16, 2021; 13(12): 571-592
Published online Dec 16, 2021. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v13.i12.571
Published online Dec 16, 2021. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v13.i12.571
Table 3 Diagnostic and therapeutic indications for choledochoscopy
Diagnostic indications | Therapeutic indications |
Visual impression and visually-guided biopsies of: (1) Indeterminate biliary strictures (IBS); (2) Dominant strictures in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC); and (3) IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) | Stone fragmentation: (1) Electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL); and (2) Laser lithotripsy (LL) |
Precise preoperative mapping of the extent of tumor involvement in CCA | Ablative therapies in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA): (1) Radiofrequency ablation; (2) Photodynamic therapy; (3) Nd:YAG laser ablation; and (4) Argon plasma coagulation |
Choledochal cysts | Cystic duct stent placement |
Intraductal papillary neoplasms of the bile duct | Guidewire passage through strictures, surgically altered anatomy |
Cholangioadenoma | Resection of ductal masses |
Biliary papillomatosis | Retrieval of migrated ductal stents |
Eosinophilic cholangitis | Gallbladder stenting and drainage |
Biliary varices | |
Right Hepatic Artery Syndrome | |
Congenital pancreaticobiliary maljunction | |
Post-liver transplant ductal ischemia | |
Tissue sampling and visual evaluation for infections: (1) Cytomegalovirus; and (2) HIV | |
Evaluation of intrahepatic biliary tracts during minimally invasive surgery |
- Citation: Lee T, Teng TZJ, Shelat VG. Choledochoscopy: An update. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 13(12): 571-592
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5190/full/v13/i12/571.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4253/wjge.v13.i12.571