Causative factors of discomfort in esophagogastroduodenoscopy: A large-scale cross-sectional study

Table 3 Discomfort for each factor in the sedation group (n = 941) and univariate analysis results

Discomfort score value median (quartile ranges)			Proportion of high discomfort (score 6 or higher)
Age
≤ 39	4 (2.5-6)	P < 0.001	40.5% (17/42)	P < 0.001
40-49	2 (2-4)	Kruskal-Wallis test	17.9% (35/195)	χ2 test
50-59	2 (0-4)		10.8% (26/241)
60-69	2 (0-4)		6.0% (21/348)
≥ 70	2 (0-2)		3.5% (4/115)
Male sex	2 (0-4)	P < 0.001	10.9% (43/396)	P = 0.942
Female sex	2 (2-4)	Mann-Whitney U test	11.0% (60/545)	χ2 test
BMI
≥ 25	2 (0-4)	P = 0.155	11.3% (31/275)	P = 0.837
< 25	2 (0-4)	Mann-Whitney U test	10.8% (72/666)	χ2 test
Height
< 150 cm	2 (1-4)	P = 0.185	13.9% (11/79)	P = 0.109
150-160 cm	2 (0-4)	Kruskal-Wallis test	9.6% (35/366)	χ2 test
160-170 cm	2 (0-4)		9.2% (29/314)
≥ 170 cm	2 (0-4)		15.4% (28/182)
Non-smoker	2 (0-4)	P < 0.001	10.1% (60/595)	P = 0.055
Past smoker	2 (0-4)	Kruskal-Wallis test	9.9% (23/232)	χ2 test
Current smoker	2 (2-4)		17.5% (20/114)
Non-drinker	2 (0-4)	P = 0.055	9.5% (43/452)	P = 0.001
Normal drinker	2 (0-4)	Kruskal-Wallis test	10.3% (44/426)	χ2 test
Heavy drinker	2 (1-5)		25.4% (16/63)
History of endoscopy (+)	2 (0-4)	P = 0.004	10.3% (90/875)	P = 0.018
History of endoscopy (-)	2 (2-4)	Mann-Whitney U test	19.7% (13/66)	χ2 test
History of gastrectomy (+)	2 (0-2.5)	P = 0.477	16.7% (2/12)	P = 0.631
History of gastrectomy (-)	2 (0-4)	Mann-Whitney U test	10.9% (101/929)	Fisher's exact test
Butylscopolamine (+)	2 (0-4)	P = 0.187	10.6% (47/443)	P = 0.755
Butylscopolamine (-)	2 (0-4)	Mann-Whitney U test	11.2% (56/498)	χ2 test
Biopsy performed (+)	2 (0-3.5)	P = 0.287	11.5% (3/26)	P = 0.757
Biopsy performed (-)	2 (0-4)	Mann-Whitney U test	10.9% (100/915)	Fisher's exact test
Lugol’s solution (+)	1 (0.5-1.5)	P = 0.35	0.0% (0/2)	P = 1.00
Lugol’s solution (-)	2 (0-4)	Mann-Whitney U test	11.0% (103/939)	Fisher's exact test
Endoscope
Normal diameter	2 (2-4)	P = 0.197	10.8% (4/37)	P = 1.00
Small diameter	2 (0-4)	Mann-Whitney U test	11.0% (99/904)	Fisher's exact test
Hiatal hernia (+)	2 (0-4)	P = 0.891	12.3% (45/365)	P = 0.279
Hiatal hernia (-)	2 (0-4)	Mann-Whitney U test	10.1% (58/576)	χ2 test
Sedation agent
No use	-		-
Pethidine alone	2 (0-4)	P < 0.001	11.7% (93/797)	P = 0.186
Midazolam alone	2 (0-4)	Kruskal-Wallis test	10.5% (2/19)	Fisher's exact test
Pethidine and Midazolam	0 (0-2)		6.4% (8/125)

Number of endoscopists: 27. Range of median score: 0 to 4. Range of proportion of high discomfort responses: 0 to 27.8% (details are omitted). Kruskal-Wallis test result for median score: P = 0.027. χ² test result for proportion of high discomfort: P = 0.216. BMI: Body mass index.