Should a fully covered self-expandable biliary metal stent be anchored with a double-pigtail plastic stent? A retrospective study

Table 2 Comparison between patients who had migration of fully covered self-expanding metal stent placement (FCSEMS) and patient who had no migration of FCSEMS

Characteristic	Determinant	Migration (n = 18)	No migration (n = 185)	P-value
Gender	Female	5 (27.8%)	83 (44.9%)	0.1626
	Male	13 (72.2%)	102 (55.1%)	-
Age	mean ± SD (range)	59.83 (12.38) - (34.00, 91.00)	63.28 (15.23) - (23.00, 91.00)	0.3539
Race	Black	2 (11.1%)	7 (3.8%)	0.1494
	White	16 (88.9%)	178 (96.2%)	-
Post sphincterotomy bleed	No	17 (94.4%)	177 (95.7%)	0.8086
	Yes	1 (5.6%)	8 (4.3%)	-
Bile leak	No	18 (100.0%)	165 (89.2%)	0.1418
	Yes	0 (0.0%)	20 (10.8%)	-
Benign biliary stricture	No	6 (33.3%)	115 (62.2%)	0.0173
	Yes	12 (66.7%)	70 (37.8%)	-
Cholangitis drainage	No	18 (100.0%)	173 (93.5%)	0.2653
	Yes	0 (0.0%)	12 (6.5%)	-
Malignant stricture	No	13 (72.2%)	95 (51.4%)	0.0902
	Yes	5 (27.8%)	90 (48.6%)	-
Brand of FCSEMS	Viabil fully covered	8 (44.4%)	82 (44.3%)	0.2294
	Viabil fully covered with proximal fenestration	3 (16.7%)	60 (32.4%)	-
	WallFlex	7 (38.9%)	43 (23.2%)	-
Length of FCSEMS (cm)	4	2 (11.1%)	28 (15.1%)	0.9376
	6	9 (50.0%)	97 (52.4%)	-
	8	5 (27.8%)	42 (22.7%)	-
	10	2 (11.1%)	18 (9.7%)	-
Anchored FCSEMSs with DPS	No	14 (77.8%)	124 (67.0%)	0.3507
	Yes	4 (22.2%)	61 (33.0%)	-
Length of stricture (mm)	mean ± SD (range)	14.67 (10.72) - (0.00, 40.00)	19.65 (19.32) - (0.00, 90.00)	0.0958
CBD diameter (mm)	mean ± SD (range)	11.61 (4.50) - (5.00,22.00)	11.15 (4.70) - (3.00,35.00)	0.6878
History of cholecystectomy	No	5 (27.8%)	87 (47.0%)	0.1173
	Yes	13 (72.2%)	98 (53.0%)	-
Previous sphincterotomy	No	6 (33.3%)	114 (61.6%)	0.0198
	Yes	12 (66.7%)	71 (38.4%)	-
Sphincterotomy at time of stent deployment	No	9 (50.0%)	73 (39.5%)	0.3843
	Yes	9 (50.0%)	112 (60.5%)	-
History of stent migration	No	17 (94.4%)	179 (96.8%)	0.6078
	Yes	1 (5.6%)	6 (3.2%)	-
Choledocholithiasis at time of stent placement	No	16 (88.9%)	172 (93.0%)	0.5272
	Yes	2 (11.1%)	13 (7.0%)	-

FCSEMS: Fully covered self-expanding metal stent; DPS: Double-pigtail plastic stent.