Resection of early esophageal neoplasms: The pendulum swings from surgical to endoscopic management

Table 2 Summary of the efficacy and complications of all endoscopic therapies

Technique	Efficacy	Complications
Focal EMR and ablation	CE in EAC: 96.3%[13] and ESCC: 90%[54]	Major bleeding: 1.4%[13] Perforation: 0.1% Strictures: 1.3%
Stepwise radical EMR	CE-N: 94.9%[42] CE-IM: 79.6%	Bleeding: 1.0%[16] Perforation: 1.0% Strictures: 49.7%
ESD	En-bloc resection rate in EAC: 92.9%[18] and ESCC: 90%-100%[55-57] Complete resection rate in EAC: 74.5%[18] Curative resection rate in EAC: 64.9%[18] and ESCC: 88%-97%[55-57]	Bleeding: 1.5%-1.8%[18,19] Perforation: 1.5%-4.6% Strictures: 6.5%-11.6%
STER	Complete Resection rates in SMTs: 100%[24] En-bloc resection rates in SMTs: 98.6%	Subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum: 14.8%[24] Pleural effusion: 16.9% Pneumoperitoneum: 6.8% Pneumothorax: 6.1% Mucosal injury: 5.6%
RFA	CE-D: 81%[44] CE-IM: 77.4%[44] CE in ESCC: 84%[61]	Strictures: 6%[25] Chest pain: 2% Bleeding: 1%
PDT	Discontinued in the United States	Photosensitivity reactions: 69%[25] Esophageal strictures: 36% Chest pain: 20%
Cryotherapy	CE-HGD: 98%[46] CE-D: 94% CE-IM: 82%	Abdominal pain: 19.3%[27] Dysphagia: 10.2% Sore throat: 9% Chest pain: 8% Strictures: 0-12.5%
Hybrid-APC	CE-IM:78%[28]	Strictures: 2%[28]

APC: Argon plasma coagulation; CE-D: Complete eradication of dysplasia; CE-HGD: Complete eradication of high grade dysplasia; CE-IM: Complete eradication of intestinal metaplasia; EAC: Esophageal adenocarcinoma; EMR: Endoscopic mucosal resection; ESD: Endoscopic submucosal dissection; ESCC: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; PDT: Photodynamic therapy; RFA: Radiofrequency ablation; SMT: Submucosal tumors; STER: Submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection.