Dietary phytochemical consumption is inversely associated with liver alkaline phosphatase in Middle Eastern adults

Table 1 General characteristics of study participants by quartiles score of dietary phytochemical index

	Q4 (N = 1278)	Q3 (N = 1278)	Q2 (N = 1278)	Q1 (N = 1277)	P value1
Age (Yr)	47.5 ± 9.5	45.9 ± 8.8	45.5 ± 8.8	46.4 ± 9.1	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	28.2 ± 4.9	28.3 ± 7.7	28.2 ± 10.9	27.9 ± 5.0	0.647
Waist circumference (cm)	94.1 ± 11.8	94.3 ± 11.5	94.2 ± 11.4	94.7 ± 12.1	0.668
WHR	0.9 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.8	0.9 ± 0.3	0.021
Systolic blood pressure (mm/Hg)	109.1 ± 16.4	106.8 ± 15.8	106.7 ± 15.1	107.4 ± 16.2	< 0.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mm/Hg)	67.3 ± 11.0	66.8 ± 11.0	66.8 ± 10.3	67.2 ± 10.6	0.451
Metabolic equivalent of task (h/wk)	42.0 ± 6.5	41.0 ± 6.6	41.6 ± 7.2	41.3 ± 6.8	< 0.01
WSI	0.2 ± 0.7	0.2 ± 0.7	0.2 ± 0.7	0.1 ± 0.7	< 0.001
Gender men (%)	578 (45.2)	543 (42.5)	609 (47.7)	548 (45.7)	0.071
Smoking					< 0.01
Never smoker (%)	1086 (85.0)	1088 (85.1)	1045(81.8)	1052 (82.4)
Current smoker (%)	106 (8.3)	128 (10.0)	161 (12.6)	140 (11.0)
Ex_smoker (%)	86 (6.7)	62 (4.9)	72 (5.6)	85 (6.7)
Education					< 0.001
Uneducated and elementary (%)	536 (41.9)	506 (39.6)	501 (39.2)	612 (48.0)
Middle and high school	487 (38.2)	535 (38.2)	541 (42.3)	472 (37.0)
University or college degree	224 (17.5)	212 (16.6)	195 (15.3)	168 (13.2)
Postgraduate	31 (2.4)	25 (2.0)	40 (3.1)	24 (1.9)
Multivitamin mineral use					0.211
Never (%)	1244 (97.4)	1242 (97.2)	1231 (96.5)	1245 (97.6)
Daily (%)	1 (0.1)	0	2 (0.2)	1 (0.1)
Weekly (%)	4 (0.3)	1 (0.1)	1 (0.1)	0
Monthly (%)	1 (0.1)	4 (0.3)	2 (0.2)	0
Yearly (%)	27 (2.1)	31(2.4)	39 (3.1)	30 (2.4)
Metabolic syndrome	213 (16.7)	225 (17.6)	216 (16.9)	233 (18.2)	0.713

¹Obtained from one way Anova or Chi-squared tests for continuous and categorical variables, respectively.

Values are means ± SDs or n (%).

DPI: Dietary phytochemical index; BMI: Body mass index; WHR: Waist-to-hip ratio; WSI: Wealth score index.

Table 2 Biochemical parameters of study participants by quartiles score of dietary phytochemical index

	Q4 (N = 1278)	Q3 (N = 1278)	Q2 (N = 1278)	Q1 (N = 1277)	P value1,2
ALT (U/L)	22.6 ± 15.4	22.3 ± 17.1	23.2 ± 17.3	21.9 ± 16.7	0.225
AST (U/L)	19.0 ± 7.4	19.0 ± 10.32	19.4 ± 8.5	19.1 ± 7.5	0.562
GGT (U/L)	27.9 ± 22.8	26.5 ± 23.5	27.2 ± 23.0	26.2 ± 27.7	0.338
ALP (U/L)	176.8 ± 52.7	180.5 ± 50.3	181.0 ± 49.7	185.7 ± 59.3	< 0.01
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	195.4 ± 39.0	191.9 ± 40.6	189.5 ± 38.8	189.9 ± 59.8	< 0.01
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	162.4 ± 96.4	155.0 ± 100.8	157.5 ± 99.8	152.5 ± 96.2	0.075
HDL-C (mg/dL)	53.6 ± 12.3	54.0 ± 12.1	52.9 ± 12.0	53.8 ± 12.4	0.116
LDL-C (mg/dL)	111.4 ± 31.2	107.9 ± 31.2	106.4 ± 30.9	106.7 ± 55.1	< 0.01
FBS (mg/dL)	97.6 ± 32.7	95.5 ± 20.0	94.4 ± 15.9	96.0 ± 21.8	< 0.01
BUN (mg/dL)	27.3 ± 7.6	27.0 ± 7.3	26.9 ± 7.1	27.4 ± 7.0	0.241
Creatinine (mg/dL)	1.1 ± 0.2	1.1 ± 0.2	1.1 ± 0.2	1.1 ± 0.2	0.135

¹Values are means ± SDs.

²Obtained from one way Anova.

DPI: Dietary phytochemical index; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; FBS: Fast blood sugar; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen.

Table 3 Linear regression analysis of the correlations between score of dietary phytochemical index and levels of liver enzymes.

	P value	Β (95%CI)
ALT
Crude	0.474	0.02 (-0.002 to 0.06)
Model I	0.063	0.02 (-0.002 to 0.09)
Model II	0.109	0.02 (-0.009 to 0.08)
Model III	0.1	0.02 (-0.008 to 0.08)
Model IV	0.097	0.02 (-0.007 to 0.08)
AST
Crude	0.751	-0.004 (-0.02 to -0.01)
Model I	0.902	-0.002 (-0.02 to 0.02)
Model II	0.773	-0.005 (-0.02 to 0.02)
Model III	0.9	-0.002 (-0.02 to 0.02)
Model IV	0.917	-0.002 (-0.02 to 0.02)
GGT
Crude	0.154	0.02 (-0.01 to 0.11)
Model I	0.328	0.01 (-0.03 to 0.10)
Model II	0.433	0.01 (-0.04 to 0.09)
Model III	0.366	0.01 (-0.03 to 0.10)
Model IV	0.365	0.01 (-0.03 to 0.10)
ALP
Crude	< 0.001	-0.05 (-0.43 to -0.15)
Model I	< 0.01	-0.04 (-0.39 to -0.07)
Model II	< 0.01	-0.04 (-0.39 to -0.08)
Model III	0.019	-0.03 (-0.34 to -0.03)
Model IV	0.014	-0.03 (-0.35 to -0.04)

Model I: Adjusted for energy intake, age and gender; Model II: Additionally adjusted for body mass index; Model III: Additionally adjusted for physical activity, supplement or multivitamin use, smoking, education and wealth score index; Model IV: Additionally adjusted for metabolic syndrome. DPI: Dietary phytochemical index; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase.