Primary liver injury and delayed resolution of liver stiffness after alcohol detoxification in heavy drinkers with the PNPLA3 variant I148M

Table 2 Characteristics of alcoholic liver disease sub-cohorts (n = 521) based on genotype distribution of rs738409 polymorphism

Parameters	PNPLA3 CC (n = 204)	PNPLA3 CG (n = 274)	PNPLA3 GG (n = 43)	PNPLA3 CG + GG (n = 317)
Demographic characteristics
Patients (%)	39.2	52.6	8.2	60.8
Age (yr)	49.5 ± 11.0	50.7 ± 11.8	50.1 ± 9.7	50.7 ± 11.5
Risk factors
BMI (kg/m2)	25.4 ± 4.9	25.1 ± 4.5	25.6 ± 3.9	25.2 ± 4.4
H/W ratio	1.0 ± 0.1	1.0 ± 0.1	1.0 ± 0.1	1.0 ± 0.1
Alcohol consumption (g/d)	194.0 ± 136.1	190.8 ± 146.2	181.2 ± 116.1	189.4 ± 142.0
Duration (yr)	18.3 ± 13.3	20.9 ± 13.1	17.2 ± 14.2	20.4 ± 13.3
Smoker (1 = yes)	0.7 ± 0.4	0.7 ± 0.5	0.6 ± 0.5	0.7 ± 0.5
Diabetes (1 = yes)	0.1 ± 0.3	0.1 ± 0.3	0.0 ± 0.2	0.1 ± 0.3
Coronary heart disease (1 = yes)	0.1 ± 0.2	0.1 ± 0.3	0.0 ± 0.0	0.1 ± 0.3
Noninvasive parameters
Hepatic steatosis (0-3, US)	1.8 ± 0.9	2.0 ± 0.8	1.9 ± 0.8	2.0 ± 0.8
Liver stiffness (kPa)	13.1 ± 17.7	17.6 ± 23.0a	17.2 ± 22.2	17.5 ± 22.9a
Laboratory parameter
AST (U/L) before detox	95.2 ± 100.8	102.8 ± 111.4	113.1 ± 116.8	104.0 ± 111.9
AST (U/L) after detox	47.8 ± 32.9	52.6 ± 46.0	82.8 ± 89.5a	56.2 ± 53.5
ALT (U/L) before detox	66.0 ± 59.4	71.9 ± 93.0	76.4 ± 60.4	72.5 ± 89.2
ALT (U/L) after detox	47.5 ± 35.9	52.4 ± 50.9	67.7 ± 55.0a	54.2 ± 51.5
GGT (U/L) before detox	406.3 ± 572.2	365.9 ± 516.1	537.7 ± 869.6	389.6 ± 578.9
GGT (U/L) after detox	254.8 ± 290.9	261.7 ± 347.3	389.7 ± 671.6	276.9 ± 399.6
AP (U/L) before detox	105.5 ± 76.2	111.6 ± 75.8	112.7 ± 72.6	111.8 ± 75.3
AP (U/L) after detox	83.3 ± 45.1	90.5 ± 59.2	97.5 ± 68.4	91.3 ± 60.2
Bilirubin (mg/dL)	1.2 ± 2.8	1.4 ± 3.0	0.9 ± 1.1	1.3 ± 2.8
Albumin (g/dL)	4.7 ± 4.7	5.3 ± 7.2	4.5 ± 0.5	5.2 ± 6.7
INR	1.4 ± 5.4	1.0 ± 0.4	0.9 ± 0.2	1.0 ± 0.4
Urea	20.6 ± 10.8	24.6 ± 20.2a	20.1 ± 9.9	24.0 ± 19.2a
Creatinine	0.7 ± 0.2	0.7 ± 0.3	0.7 ± 0.2	0.7 ± 0.3
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	14.2 ± 1.8	14.2 ± 2.5	14.6 ± 2.0	14.2 ± 2.4
Platelets (/nL)	216.7 ± 92.7	201.1 ± 80.0a	224.2 ± 91.4	204.5 ± 82.0
Glucose (mg/dL)	112.0 ± 46.2	107.7 ± 28.5	110.7 ± 34.6	108.1 ± 29.3
HbA1C (%)	5.6 ± 1.1	5.6 ± 0.8	5.8 ± 1.3	5.6 ± 0.9
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	190.6 ± 202.2	192.0 ± 205.8	240.9 ± 230.4	198.7 ± 209.6
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	219.9 ± 55.0	213.1 ± 61.1	222.9 ± 53.4	214.4 ± 60.1
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	73.2 ± 35.9	71.4 ± 37.6	75.6 ± 37.3	71.9 ± 37.5
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	113.5 ± 46.3	112.4 ± 45.5	118.0 ± 44.7	113.0 ± 45.3
Lipase (U/L)	48.5 ± 45.9	75.9 ± 216.5	45.3 ± 26.0	72.0 ± 202.7
Ferritin (ng/mL)	546.1 ± 611.6	599.6 ± 668.3	685.2 ± 708.2	610.8 ± 673.1
CRP (mg/dL)	4.7 ± 11.1	7.1 ± 18.9	6.0 ± 12.0	7.0 ± 18.1

Data are presented as mean ± SD or in %; significant paired T tests (^aP < 0.05) with CC. BMI: Body mass index; H/W ratio: Hip to waist ratio; AST: Aspartate transaminase; ALT: Alanine transaminase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase; AP: Alkaline phosphatase; INR: International normalized ratio (Prothrombin); HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; CRP: C-reactive protein; US: Ultrasound; PNPLA3: Adiponutrin.