Lycopene modulates cellular proliferation, glycolysis and hepatic ultrastructure during hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 4 Effect of N-Nitrosodiethylamine and/or lycopene extracted from tomatoes on protein expression in mice hepatic tissue using ELISA

Protein (absorbance at 405 nm)	Control	NDEA	LycT	LycT + NDEA
PCNA	0.31 ± 0.01	0.47 ± 0.01a	0.31 ± 0.01b	0.39 ± 0.01a,b,c
Cyclin D1	0.25 ± 0.02	0.38 ± 0.02a	0.24 ± 0.02b	0.36 ± 0.01a,c
p21	0.40 ±0.02	0.33 ± 0.02e	0.39 ± 0.02f	0.37 ± 0.01g
HIF-1α	0.22 ± 0.03	0.41 ± 0.01a	0.23 ± 0.03b	0.36 ± 0.04a,c

^aP ≤ 0.05, compared to the NDEA group;

^b,c,eP ≤ 0.001, compared to the control group, NDEA group and LycT group, respectively;

^f,gP ≤ 0.01, compared to the control group and NDEA group, respectively. LycT: Lycopene extracted from tomatoes; NDEA: N-Nitrosodiethylamine; PCNA: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen; p21: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A; HIF-1α: Hypoxia inducible factor-1α.