Independent effects of diet and exercise training on fat oxidation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Table 1 Characteristics of the study groups at baseline (pre-intervention) and after 6 mo of energy restriction or exercise training (post-intervention)

	Energy restriction (n = 6)		Exercise training (n = 10)
	Pre	Post	Pre	Post
Age (yr)	45.5 ± 13.5		51.8 ± 6.7
Gender (M:F)	3:3		7:3
BMI (kg/m2)	33.5 ± 9.0	30.0 ± 7.0a	31.2 ± 3.2	30.8 ± 3.5
Fat-mass (%)	38 ± 9	35 ± 11b	36 ± 7	33 ± 6a
Fat-free mass (kg)	54.1 ± 12.3	51.3 ± 11.8	63.1 ± 14.3	64.4 ± 14.2a
Waist (cm)	106 ± 16	90 ± 13	110 ± 14	105 ± 13a
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	126 ± 13	118 ± 13a	139 ± 19	137 ± 18
Subcutaneous adipose tissue (cm2)	358 ± 282	268 ± 202b	322 ± 116	298 ± 117a
Visceral adipose tissue (cm2)	202 ± 110	203 ± 56b	182 ± 67	117 ± 36a
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	83 ± 8	75 ± 12	88 ± 11	83 ± 10
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.6 ± 0.8	1.1 ± 0.4	2.0 ± 1.3	2.0 ± 0.2
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	0.9 ± 0.2	1.0 ± 0.3	1.0 ± 0.2	1.1 ± 0.2a
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	3.5 ± 0.8	3.0 ± 0.6	3.2 ± 1.1	3.1 ± 1.0
VLDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	0.7 ± 0.3	0.5 ± 0.2b	0.9 ± 0.6	0.7 ± 0.5
Free fatty acids (mmol/L)	0.59 ± 0.15	0.63 ± 0.23	0.59 ± 0.17	0.62 ± 0.25
Glucose (mmol/L)	5.2 ± 0.3	5.0 ± 0.7	5.5 ± 0.5	5.3 ± 0.4
Insulin (mU/L)	18 ± 18	10 ± 5	24 ± 23	12 ± 10
M-value (mg/kgFFM per minute)	4.2 ± 1.4	5.2 ± 1.5	4.0 ± 0.9	5.2 ± 1.6a
hsCPR (mg/L)	4.9 ± 3.7	2.0 ± 1.6	3.9 ± 3.6	1.5 ± 1.3
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L	80 ± 65	55 ± 55	54 ± 19	49 ± 28
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)	40 ± 22	28 ± 16	38 ± 11	39 ± 22

Complete-case analysis performed.

^aP < 0.05, within group difference in reponse to the intervention;

^bP value < 0.10, within group trend in reponse to the intervention. Pre-intervention there was no difference between energy restriction and exercise groups in any of the parameters presented (P > 0.05). M:F: Male:Female; BMI: Body mass index; HDL: High density lipoprotein; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; VLDL: Very low density lipoprotein; hsCRP: High sensitivity C reactive protein.