Metabolomics studies identify novel diagnostic and prognostic indicators in patients with alcoholic hepatitis

Table 6 Model for end-stage liver disease-adjusted average biomarker levels

Biomarker (μmol/L)	Alcoholic cirrhosis (n = 23)	Alcoholic hepatitis (n = 25)	Holm-bonferroni corrected P-value
Citrulline	40.2 (33.2, 48.6)	23.7 (19.7, 28.5)	0.009b
Phenylalanine	90.4 (78.0, 104.7)	60.2 (52.3, 69.3)	0.009b
Homocitrulline	0.73 (0.55, 0.97)	0.37 (0.28, 0.48)	0.029a
Creatinine	92.0 (75.0, 112.9)	59.3 (48.8, 72.1)	0.087
Octenoyl-carnitine	0.05 (0.02, 0.12)	0.01 (0.00, 0.02)	0.26
Betaine	83.6 (64.7, 108.2)	134.0 (104.7, 171.5)	0.35
Tyrosine	166.0 (126.8, 217.3)	107.4 (83.0, 139.1)	0.73
SDMA	0.81 (0.65, 1.02)	0.58 (0.47, 0.72)	0.99
Carnitine	37.2 (32.1, 43.1)	32.6 (28.3, 37.5)	0.99
Valine	115.4 (100.4, 132.7)	101.8 (89.1, 116.4)	0.99
Choline	5.8 (4.7, 7.2)	7.0 (5.7, 8.6)	0.99
Dimethyl-lysine	0.92 (0.72, 1.2)	0.74 (0.59, 0.94)	0.99
Ornithine	71.6 (59.1, 86.9)	62.0 (51.5, 74.6)	0.99
MMA	0.24 (0.20, 0.27)	0.21 (0.19, 0.24)	0.99
ADMA	0.90 (0.78, 1.03)	0.82 (0.72, 0.93)	0.99
Crotonobetaine	0.12 (0.10, 0.15)	0.14 (0.12, 0.18)	0.99
Hexanoyl-carnitine	0.69 (0.56, 0.85)	0.61 (0.50, 0.74)	0.99
Trimethyl-lysine	1.00 (0.81, 1.2)	1.1 (0.92, 1.4)	0.99
Butyrobetaine	1.6 (1.3, 1.8)	1.7 (1.4, 2.0)	0.99
Methyl-lysine	4.0 (2.9, 5.6)	3.4 (2.5, 4.7)	0.99
Pentanoyl-carnitine	0.25 (0.20, 0.31)	0.27 (0.22, 0.34)	0.99
Propionyl-carnitine	1.02 (0.76, 1.4)	1.2 (0.88, 1.5)	0.99
Leucine	52.8 (44.0, 63.4)	48.8 (40.9, 58.1)	0.99
Butyryl-carnitine	2.0 (1.6, 2.5)	2.2 (1.8, 2.7)	0.99
Acetyl-carnitine	17.8 (14.9, 21.1)	16.9 (14.3, 20.0)	0.99
TMAO	0.74 (0.34, 1.6)	0.87 (0.42, 1.8)	0.99
Lysine	131.3 (112.7, 153.1)	134.8 (116.4, 156.2)	0.99
Iso-leucine	27.1 (21.7, 33.8)	28.0 (22.6, 34.6)	0.99
Argine	61.7 (52.0, 73.2)	61.8 (52.4, 72.8)	0.99

Values presented as mean (95%CI) and P-values obtained from analysis of covariance. The natural logarithm of each biomarker was modeled as the outcome variable with disease group and MELD as the independent variables. A superscript of a indicates

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01. ADMA: Asymmetric dimethylarginine; SDMA: Symmetric dimethylarginine; MMA: Monomethylarginine; TMAO: Trimethylamine N-oxide.